Abstract: Ischemic stroke occurs when a blood vessel in the brain is occluded. In the immediate aftermath, blood flow becomes deficient in regions supplied by the blocked vessel. This leads to the development of a core region, where blood flow is reduced to < 30% and injury occurs rapidly, and a penumbral region, where blood flow is reduced to a level that is not capable of supporting neuronal function, but is sufficient to maintain cell viability (Morris et al., 2023). In the core, tissue injury occurs within minutes and this region becomes walled off from the surrounding tissue through the formation of a glial scar (Morris et al., 2023). Ultimately, the core becomes fibrotic, devoid of neurons, with a limited vascular supply (Kanazawa et al., 2019). In the penumbra, residual blood flow can maintain tissue homeostasis for several hours, but if blood flow is not restored, irreversible cell death also occurs in this region.