Abstract: Excitation and inhibition are at the core of brain function and malfunction. To sustain the activity of neuronal networks over time and space, glutamatergic excitation is balanced by GABAergic inhibition. The equipoise of excitation and inhibition, known as the excitation/inhibition (E/I) balance, is crucial for proper brain function. The E/I balance is highly dynamic and shifts across different brain states: wakefulness primarily augments excitatory activity, while sleep promotes a decrease in excitation and an increase in inhibition (Bridi et al., 2020). Neuronal activity during various brain states is primarily regulated by neurotransmitters (Schiemann et al., 2015), alongside non-synaptic mechanisms that operate on a slower timescale. The non-synaptic mechanisms are many, with the ionic composition of the extracellular space playing a significant role; altering extracellular ion concentrations affects sleep, arousal, electroencephalogram patterns, and behavioral states (Ding et al., 2016).