Abstract: Neurological disorders and injuries lead to the impairment or depletion of neurons in terms of quantity, structure, or function, resulting in the loss of cognitive, emotional, and physical abilities in human beings. This, in turn, accompanies the shortfall of valuable human resources and economic potential, causing a detriment to society. Addressing these challenges, therefore, becomes imperative not only from a humanitarian perspective but also as a means of preserving human capital and bolstering economic prosperity. Extensive scientific efforts have been directed toward developing effective, precise, and safe therapeutics for neuroregeneration, encompassing neurogenesis, neurorepair, and neuroprotection to enhance neurological recovery and health. Comprehending the molecular complexity of neuron damage and recovery is imperative to unravel the mysteries of the brain’s resilience. This understanding opens a new avenue for developing innovative treatments by targeting the specific pathways and molecules involved in several neurological illnesses. These neurological diseases include stroke, epilepsy, Alzheimer’s disease, learning impairments, neuromuscular disorders, autism, attention deficit disorder, brain tumors, cerebral palsy, and acute neural injuries.