Abstract: Over the centuries, the regeneration field has been puzzled by the dual response of the central nervous system (CNS–brain, spinal cord, cranial nerves I and II) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS that refers to all the nerves that innervate muscles, skin, organs, bones among others). Even Ramòn y Cajal had noticed that an injury to the PNS often leads to axon regrowth, in contrast to the CNS. This PNS ability is explored during spectacular surgeries where chopped limbs could be graffed back. Some of these pattents are even able to recover complex functtons such as playing the piano after double hands graft (Grenoble University Hospital, France, 2017). In contrast, CNS axons are not able to regenerate after an insult. This is true in cases of neurodegenerative diseases (Alzheimer’s or Parkinson’s diseases for example) as well as in traumattc injuries (such as spinal cord injury). These insults lead to neuronal circuit disruption and neuronal apoptosis. As no treatment is available yet, patients endure irreversible loss of motor, cognittve and/or sensory functtons that considerably impair their quality of life. Thus, understanding molecular mechanisms underlying axon regeneration and finding new therapeutic strategies are critical for patients, families, and public health.