Abstract: Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder. The progressive degeneration of dopamine (DA) producing neurons in the midbrain is the pathological hallmark, which leads to debilitating motor symptoms, including tremors, rigidity, and bradykinesia. Drug treatments, such as levodopa, provide symptomatic relief. However, they do not halt disease progression, and their effectiveness diminishes over time (reviewed in Poewe et al., 2017). One of the most promising therapeutic strategies for PD is cell-based replacement therapy, particularly using human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs), which are thought to be capable of restoring dopaminergic function at cellular and circuit levels (Kim et al., 2020). Given the extensive preclinical studies showing the immense translational potential of hPSC-based therapies in PD, recent reports indicate that cell replacement therapy using hPSC-derived DA cells has progressed from the preclinical phase to actual clinical trials in PD patients (Kikuchi et al., 2017; Schweitzer et al., 2020; Kim et al., 2021; Kirkeby et al., 2023).