Abstract: Peripheral sensory neurons perceive external signals and convey signals to the central nervous system (CNS). Information transmission occurs via often extremely long axons and timely reactions of the animal require a fast conductance velocity. This not only depends on axonal diameter and insulation by glial processes, but it requires the structural integrity of the axon. Progressive degradation of axons is a common pathophysiological event that, for example, can be triggered by high glucose levels as seen in patients with diabetes mellitus or caused by several chemotherapeutic agents.