Abstract: Myelination in the central nervous system (CNS) is a highly intricate process, exclusive to vertebrates, that relies on the coordinated interaction between oligodendrocytes (OLs) and neurons. In addition to their role in forming myelin, accumulating evidence indicates that OLs provide crucial trophic support to axons, contributing to normal CNS function. Notably, OL injury and loss are observed in a variety of human conditions, including stroke, traumatic injuries of the brain and spinal cord, as well as neurodegenerative disorders such as multiple sclerosis (MS).