Abstract: Neonatal encephalopathy resulting from an asphyxial episode occurring perinatally is a major cause of death and of permanent neurological disabilities worldwide. Therapeutic hypothermia (TH) started within 6 hours of life and maintained for 72 hours is now well established as standard treatment for infants with moderate-to-severe hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE). Those infants have altered consciousness and other signs of neurological dysfunction. However, nearly half of infants with moderate-to-severe HIE treated with TH still die or survive with disability despite treatment. In addition, the globalization of TH is still pending, especially in low-to-middle income countries where prevalence rates of HIE are particularly high.