Abstract: The concept of neural plasticity accounts for the now well clarified brain ability to react to internal and external stimuli by transforming its structure and function. The translation of whatever experience in specific electrical signals that run through our neural networks induces a number of plastic changes at both functional and structural levels. In the last seventy year, a large amount of evidence demonstrated that plastic changes are the basis of the brain successful responding to the experience during developmental phases, in learning and memory processes throughout life, and even in the case of damage occurrence, in both neuroprotective and therapeutic ways. Indeed, plastic changes allow brain structure to reorganize in the presence of lesion, in order to completely or at least partially recover damaged functions (Gelfo et al., 2016; 2018; Gelfo, 2019).