Abstract: The aging of society has arrived, and is accompanied by an increase in the absolute numbers of patients with neurological disorders, such as Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases (Feigin et al., 2020). Such diseases, particularly Alzheimer’s disease and other forms of dementia, affect not only the patients themselves, but also the people around them, including family members and care givers. As a result, such neurological disorders are thought to carry a larger social burden compared to other diseases. The most critical point in the current situation is that there is no effective treatment despite the fact that the number of patients increase with the aging of the population. Gene therapy has great promise for the treatment of neurological disorders (Sun and Roy, 2021), but delivering therapeutic genes is a major impediment for the success of gene therapy. Nanotechnologies such as viral and non-viral vectors now permit the creation of efficient brain-targeted gene delivery systems. In 2019, the Food and Drug Administration approved Zolgensma, a gene therapy for the treatment of spinal muscular atrophy. The advent of Zolgensma confirmed that in vivo targeted gene therapy is a real possibility and is expected to further accelerate the development of drug delivery system technology in anticipation of gene therapy. Zolgensma involves the use of an adeno-associated virus (AAV) vector, one of the leading approaches to gene therapy, due to its high transfection efficiency; however there are issues associated with viral vectors including the production of neutralizing antibodies to the vectors and issues associated with high dose/large scale production. Regarding those points, non-viral vectors offer some distinct advantages. Non-viral delivery technologies have evolved dramatically over the past decade, especially in the use of nanoparticles in drug delivery as exemplified by lipid nanoparticles, liposomes, and micelles. The goal of this perspective is to provide a prospective look into this emerging field. To accomplish this, we mainly address three aspects of this situation: (1) brain-targeted AAV vectors; (2) non-viral delivery via non-invasive methods; (3) mechanistic studies concerning crossing the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and methodology for vector screening.