Abstract: One of the hallmarks of the mature neurons from the central nervous system (CNS) is their inability to grow their axons after an insult. In turn, whenever a neuronal circuit is damaged, either by a neurodegenerative disease or a traumatic injury, the motor and/or cognitive functions associated with it are lost permanently. Therefore, understanding the molecular and cellular barriers to CNS repair is a major challenge not only for Neurosciences but also for public health.