Abstract: Members of the transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) superfamily perform a wide range of essential functions during development and in adulthood, as well as in response to injury and inflammation (Luo, 2022). In the adult central nervous system, TGF-βs and their receptors are widely expressed in all of the major neuronal, glial, and vascular cell types. Members of the TGF-β superfamily are pivotal responders to pathological insults to the brain. Dysfunction of TGF-β signaling contributes to pathogenesis of neurological disorders. Manipulation of TGF-β signaling pathway alters pathological and functional outcomes in models of neurological diseases (Luo, 2022). Therefore, the TGF-β signaling pathway has emerged as a potential therapeutic target against neurological diseases.