Abstract: Sleep is a widely expressed behavior across the animal kingdom. In addition to the numerous health benefits that are associated with sleep, it is believed that sleep plays a pivotal role in mental processes such as learning and memory. Indeed, it has been demonstrated that learning and memory benefit from sleep, whereas sleep loss causes cognitive impairment (Rasch and Born, 2013). Changing the strength of synapses, the connections between neurons, has been proposed to be the basic memory mechanism. Therefore, it is not surprising that many studies about the memory functions of sleep have focused on its effects on synapses. An influential hypothesis regarding the function of sleep in learning and memory is the synaptic homeostasis hypothesis, which proposes that wake increases overall excitatory synaptic strength due to ongoing learning and sleep renormalizes them to facilitate memory consolidation and integration (Tononi and Cirelli, 2014). This view has received support by findings in a number of studies showing molecular, morphological and electrophysiological changes indicative of excitatory synaptic weakening during sleep and strengthening during wake (Tononi and Cirelli, 2014). However, several recent studies have shown that sleep can potentiate excitatory synaptic transmission (Chauvette et al., 2012), or have no impact on excitatory synaptic strength (Cary and Turrigiano, 2021). These studies indicate complex mechanisms underlying the possible roles of sleep in regulating excitatory synapses. Of note, given a neuron typically receives thousands of synaptic inputs and the interactions between excitatory and inhibitory synaptic inputs determine the level of activity in it, neuronal communication across sleep and wake is probably regulated as a balance between excitatory and inhibitory influences. However, compared to extensive studies on excitatory synapses, much less is known about the regulation of inhibitory synapses by sleep.