Abstract: Inflammatory reflex and cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway: Innate immune system triggers a local inflammatory response following an injury or a pathogen invasion. Likewise, this inflammatory response is limited by rapid, localized, and adaptive anti-inflammatory responses which are crucial for maintaining homeostasis. Hence, the loss of these responses converts a limited and protective inflammatory response into an excessive and harmful response. Anti-inflammatory responses are integrated into the central nervous system, since the central nervous system accumulates information about harmful events, activates defenses, and builds memory for survival. At the same time, it has been demonstrated that hypothalamic neuronal signaling can be altered by inflammation in peripheral tissues. Additionally, immune cells release neuropeptides and neurotransmitters such as acetylcholine (ACh), the main neurotransmitter of the parasympathetic autonomic nervous system, evidencing the communication between the immune and nervous systems (Tracey, 2002).