Abstract: Models and simulations are particularly useful for exploring ideas and concepts in the biological sciences that are experimentally impracticable.
In silico methods are also gaining acceptance with regulatory authorities as an alternative to animal testing. For example, the Environmental Protection Agency aims to eliminate animal testing by 2035, and both the Food and Drug Administration and European Medicine Agency no longer require animal testing for biosimilars or generic products if the in vitro and in silico data is acceptable.