Abstract: The central nervous system (CNS) relies on the intricate interplay between neurons and glial cells to maintain homeostasis and coordinate responses to disease or injury. It is now well established that within this network, astrocytes, microglia, and oligodendrocytes are critical regulator of neural function, actively shaping metabolism, inflammation, and therefore degenerative and repair processes. Glial dysfunction and alteration of dynamic cross-communication among the glial cell population have emerged as a common denominator in both neurodegenerative and neurotraumatic conditions. It is therefore clear that glial cells are not passive bystanders but active contributors to CNS health and disease.