Abstract: The brain–immune axis: The dynamic interplay between neural and immune systems is emerging as a fundamental regulator of cognitive processes, affective balance, and resilience to pathological challenges (Castellani et al., 2023). Although these systems detect and respond to distinct types of stimuli, their domains of perception and response substantially overlap. The nervous system primarily encodes physical and sensory stimuli, such as light, sound, temperature, and mechanical pressure, while the immune system detects molecular cues, including pathogens, cytokines, and endogenous danger signals. Together, both systems integrate biochemical, circadian, metabolic, and stress-related inputs to maintain adaptive and coordinated responses to internal and external perturbations (Leunig et al., 2025).