Abstract: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic immune-mediated in?ammatory-demyelinating disorder of the central nervous system, with a strong neurodegenerative component. Te question whether neurodegeneration in MS is independent or related to neuroin?ammation has been long debated, but not yet fully clarifed. Furthermore, little is still known on how neuroin?ammation and neurodegeneration in MS are related to potential regenerative processes. In this perspective, we brie?y discuss main clinical, pathological and experimental evidence on the relationship between neuroin?ammation and neurodegeneration in MS, and on their connection with regeneration. We discuss that these processes in MS might represent intercorrelated manifestations of the immune response, especially of the innate immunity.

Key words: multiple sclerosis, neuroin?ammation, neurodegeneration, regeneration, immune response, innate immunity