Abstract: Spinal cord injury (SCI) is one of the leading causes of disability and is a devastating condition that requires long-term care, reduces social productivity, and gives an immense emotional burden on patients and their families. SCI frequently occurs due to traffic accidents, falls, slips, violence, sports, and medical accidents in today’s society. The initial mechanical damage triggers a secondary injury cascade that induces more intractable damage (Silva et al., 2014). Secondary injury mechanisms have been postulated, including neuronal apoptosis, inflammation, oxidative stress, and excitotoxicity. The failure of axons and nerves to regenerate may contribute to the difficulty in recovering function after spinal cord injury. Therefore, suppressing axon growth inhibition or encouraging axon regeneration must be beneficial for the treatment of SCI. This article will discuss the involvement of microRNAs (miRNAs), a non-coding RNA that affects various physiological and pathological conditions, in the Rho/Rho-kinase (ROCK) pathway in SCI pathogenesis, especially in axon regeneration, and its therapeutic application.