Abstract: Mitochondria are well characterized by their fundamental functions in regulating cellular homeostasis, including energy and iron metabolism. These functions are essential in neurons with high metabolic demands and elongated neuronal processes. Mitochondria dynamically change morphology, localization, and activity to match neurons’ spatial and temporal demands. Mitochondrial dysfunctions have been associated with many neurological disorders. Recent studies highlight that mitochondria also act as central regulators of the neuronal response to injury. Here, we discuss important findings that support the critical regulation of mitochondrial dynamics, energy metabolism, and iron homeostasis in the repair of damaged neurons.