中国神经再生研究(英文版) ›› 2015, Vol. 10 ›› Issue (12): 1919-1919.doi: 10.4103/1673-5374.165300

• 观点:神经损伤修复保护与再生 • 上一篇    下一篇

神经再生中的嘌呤能信号

Geoffrey Burnstock*   

  • 收稿日期:2015-08-25 出版日期:2015-12-30 发布日期:2015-12-30

Purinergic signalling in neuroregeneration

  1. Autonomic Neuroscience Centre, University College Medical School, Rowland Hill Street, London, UK; Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
  • Received:2015-08-25 Online:2015-12-30 Published:2015-12-30
  • Contact: Geoffrey Burnstock, Ph.D., g.burnstock@ucl.ac.uk.

摘要:

嘌呤和嘧啶信号转导分子及其作用受体构成的嘌呤能信号转导系统参与机体组织器官多种功能的调节,涉及机体各系统多种疾病的某些病理过程。嘌呤信号,腺苷5'-三磷酸作为细胞外信号分子这一概念在1972年被提出,该嘌呤信号字段现在已被广泛接受,并在许多不同的领域方向逐渐扩展,因此探寻嘌呤与嘧啶作用的P1、P2受体亚型的选择性激动剂和拮抗剂具有宽广的临床应用前景。文中指出受损神经元的微弱再生能力是神经修复的障碍,嘌呤药物已经被用来促进损伤和退变神经中脑和脊髓的再生。分子蛋白激酶B/Akt信号可以调节细胞存活、生长、代谢和抑制细胞凋亡,以及创伤性脑损伤激活的Akt。创伤诱导激活的星形胶质细胞嘌呤能信号通过P2Y4受体刺激和释放血小板反应蛋白的合成,并可以诱导突触形成过程中的发育。这可能在中枢神经系统损伤后的修复和重塑中发挥作用。其中三磷酸腺苷作用于嘌呤受体(P2受体),引起离子通道开放或通过第二信使调节神经细胞功能,不仅参与了特殊感觉、神经元与神经胶质细胞相互作用等生理活动,而且参与了神经损伤修复和疼痛等病理过程。神经系统中的嘌呤信号系统研究,不仅为解释神经系统生理功能及其病理过程提供了新的思路,而且为治疗神经系统损伤和疼痛等疾病开辟了新的希望。

Abstract:

Purinergic signalling, adenosine 5’-triphosphate (ATP) as an extracellular signalling molecule, was proposed in 1972. However, it was not generally accepted until the early 1990s when receptors for ATP and its breakdown product adenosine were cloned and characterised. Four P1 (adenosine) receptors are recognised (A1, A2A, A2B and A3), seven P2X ion channel receptors (P2X1-7) and eight P2Y G protein-coupled receptors (P2Y1, P2Y2, P2Y4, P2Y6, P2Y11, P2Y12, P2Y13, P2Y14). The purinergic signalling field is now widely accepted and expanding in many different directions. The weak regenerative capacity of injured neurons is an obstacle for neural repair, although the neonatal brain has a greater capacity for recovery than the adult brain. Purinergic drugs have been used to promote regeneration of injured and degenerating nerves in the brain and spinal cord. A signalling molecule, protein kinase B/Akt, regulates cell survival, growth and metabolism and inhibits apoptosis, and traumatic brain injury activates Akt. When cortical astrocytes were subjected to trauma or mechanical strain, ATP was released and there was Akt activation. PPADS, a P2 receptor antagonist, attenuated the Akt activation. Trauma-induced activation of purinergic signaling in astrocytes via P2Y4 receptors stimulates the synthesis and release of thrombospondin-1, an extracellular matrix molecule that induces synapse formation during development. This may play a role in CNS repair and remodelling after injury.