中国神经再生研究(英文版) ›› 2017, Vol. 12 ›› Issue (3): 362-365.doi: 10.4103/1673-5374.202924

• 综述:神经损伤修复保护与再生 • 上一篇    下一篇

组织型纤溶酶原激活剂是中枢神经系统中突触功能的稳态调节器

  

  • 收稿日期:2017-02-28 出版日期:2017-03-15 发布日期:2017-03-15
  • 基金资助:

    本项工作一直由美国国立卫生研究院NS-079331和NS-091201部分资助

Tissue-type plasminogen activator is a homeostatic regulator of synaptic function in the central nervous system

Valerie Jeanneret1, Manuel Yepes1, 2, 3   

  1. 1 Department of Neurology & Center for Neurodegenerative Disease, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA; 2 Department of Neurology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Atlanta, GA, USA; 3 Division of Neurosciences, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, GA, USA
  • Received:2017-02-28 Online:2017-03-15 Published:2017-03-15
  • Contact: Manuel Yepes, M.D., myepes@emory.edu.
  • Supported by:

    This work has been supported in part by National Institutes of Health Grants NS-079331 (to MY) and NS-091201 (to MY).

摘要:

组织型纤溶酶原激活剂(tPA)是一种丝氨酸蛋白酶,其在血管内空间中具有由其催化纤溶酶原转化为纤溶酶能力介导的纤维蛋白溶解作用。通过观察其从谷氨酸能神经元突触前末端的释放触发大脑皮层神经元中的突触小泡循环,文中获得了对大脑中tPA功能理解的进一步进展。更具体地,研究发现膜去极化诱导tPA在突触外部位的快速分泌,并且通过促进细胞骨架蛋白βII-血影蛋白向活性区(AZ)的募集,tPA扩大突触释放位点。同时发现tPA还能诱导突触蛋白I磷酸化,突触蛋白I是在突触前末梢储备池中聚集含谷氨酸的突触小泡(SV)的蛋白质。这些观察起源于关于从大脑皮质神经元的突触前末端释放tPA的突触效应两个重要问题:首先,如果tPA促进含有谷氨酸的SV胞吐和内吞恢复,那么tPA是通过永久化突触释放谷氨酸?第二,从弥漫性轴突bouton释放的tPA是否对突触后终端有影响?文中使用电子显微镜研究tPA对突触后密度(PSD)的影响,突触后密度结构连接到突触后终端,经历分子组成,结构和功能的快速变化响应于变化的突触活性。文章发现,用重组tPA(rtPA)治疗或释放神经元tPA之后是PSD厚度的快速增加。然后使用磷酸化蛋白质组学和生物化学研究与PSD的提取物,以确定这种影响机制。令人惊讶的是,研究发现体内rtPA治疗或神经元tPA的内源性释放由体内脑缺血的短暂发作引起在T286磷酸化的Ca2 + /钙调素依赖性蛋白激酶IIα的表达的快速和持续的增加pCaMKII)。

Abstract:

Membrane depolarization induces the release of the serine proteinase tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA) from the presynaptic terminal of cerebral cortical neurons. Once in the synaptic cleft this tPA promotes the exocytosis and subsequent endocytic retrieval of glutamate-containing synaptic vesicles, and regulates the postsynaptic response to the presynaptic release of glutamate. Indeed, tPA has a bidirectional effect on the composition of the postsynaptic density (PSD) that does not require plasmin generation or the presynaptic release of glutamate, but varies according to the baseline level of neuronal activity. Hence, in inactive neurons tPA induces phosphorylation and accumulation in the PSD of the Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase IIα (pCaMKIIα), followed by pCaMKIIα-induced phosphorylation and synaptic recruitment of GluR1-containing α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptors. In contrast, in active neurons with increased levels of pCaMKIIα in the PSD tPA induces pCaMKIIα and pGluR1 dephosphorylation and their subsequent removal from the PSD. These effects require active synaptic N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors and cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (Cdk5)-induced phosphorylation of the protein phosphatase 1 (PP1) at T320. These data indicate that tPA is a homeostatic regulator of the postsynaptic response of cerebral cortical neurons to the presynaptic release of glutamate via bidirectional regulation of the pCaMKIIα /PP1 switch in the PSD.

Key words: tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA), homeostatic plasticity, Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase, post-synaptic density, protein phosphatase 1, plasmin