中国神经再生研究(英文版) ›› 2023, Vol. 18 ›› Issue (5): 976-982.doi: 10.4103/1673-5374.355743

• 综述:视神经损伤修复保护与再生 • 上一篇    下一篇

糖尿病视网膜病变中的炎症:在发病机制中的可能作用和对治疗的潜在影响

  

  • 出版日期:2023-05-15 发布日期:2022-11-01

Inflammation in diabetic retinopathy: possible roles in pathogenesis and potential implications for therapy

Lei Tang1, Guo-Tong Xu1, *, Jing-Fa Zhang2, 3, *   

  1. 1Department of Ophthalmology of Tongji Hospital, Tongji Eye Institute, Department of Regenerative Medicine, and Department of Pharmacology, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China;  2Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital (Shanghai First People’s Hospital), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China;  3National Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Diseases; Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and Photomedicine; Shanghai Engineering Center for Precise Diagnosis and Treatment of Eye Diseases, Shanghai, China
  • Online:2023-05-15 Published:2022-11-01
  • Contact: Guo-Tong Xu, MD, PhD, gtxu@tongji.edu.cn; Jing-Fa Zhang, MD, PhD, 13917311571@139.com.
  • Supported by:
    This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China, No. 82171062 (to JFZ).

摘要:

糖尿病视网膜病变是以微血管病变和神经元退行性病变为特征的眼部疾病,是糖尿病患者视力损害的主要原因。在糖尿病视网膜病变中观察到的许多临床特征,如毛细血管闭塞、无细胞毛细血管和视网膜无灌注,视网膜缺血加重,代表糖尿病视网膜病变中相对较晚的事件。事实上,视网膜微血管损伤是糖尿病视网膜病变的早期事件,涉及多种生化改变,表现为视网膜神经血管单元和细胞成分的变化。目前,玻璃体内抗血管内皮生长因子治疗是糖尿病黄斑水肿的一线治疗方法,它使患者黄斑水肿减轻和视力改善。然而,有相当一部分患者对抗血管内皮生长因子治疗反应不佳,这表明除了血管内皮生长因子,其他因素也参与了糖尿病黄斑水肿的发病机制。越来越多的证据证实,低水平炎症在糖尿病视网膜病变的发病机制和发展中起着关键作用,因为多种炎症因子,如白细胞介素-1β、单核细胞趋化蛋白1和肿瘤坏死因子在糖尿病视网膜病变患者的玻璃体和视网膜中都有所增加。这些炎症因子与生长因子如血管内皮生长因子一起,促成了血-视网膜屏障的破坏、血管损伤和神经炎症,以及糖尿病视网膜病变的病理性血管生成,并发糖尿病黄斑水肿和增殖性糖尿病视网膜病变。此外,不同类型的视网膜细胞,包括小胶质细胞、穆勒胶质细胞、星形细胞、视网膜色素上皮细胞等,被激活并分泌各种炎症介质,加剧了细胞凋亡和随后的血管渗漏。针对这些炎症分子或相关信号通路的新疗法,有可能抑制视网膜炎症和预防糖尿病视网膜病变的进展。文章回顾了大量文献,总结了炎症在DR发病中的作用及机制,以及基于炎症治疗糖尿病视网膜病变和糖尿病黄斑水肿的研究进展。

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0541-7214 (Guo-Tong Xu); https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0601-4342 (Jing-Fa Zhang)

Abstract: Diabetic retinopathy, characterized as a microangiopathy and neurodegenerative disease, is the leading cause of visual impairment in diabetic patients. Many clinical features observed in diabetic retinopathy, such as capillary occlusion, acellular capillaries and retinal non-perfusion, aggregate retinal ischemia and represent relatively late events in diabetic retinopathy. In fact, retinal microvascular injury is an early event in diabetic retinopathy involving multiple biochemical alterations, and is manifested by changes to the retinal neurovascular unit and its cellular components. Currently, intravitreal anti-vascular endothelial growth factor therapy is the first-line treatment for diabetic macular edema, and benefits the patient by decreasing the edema and improving visual acuity. However, a significant proportion of patients respond poorly to anti-vascular endothelial growth factor treatments, indicating that factors other than vascular endothelial growth factor are involved in the pathogenesis of diabetic macular edema. Accumulating evidence confirms that low-grade inflammation plays a critical role in the pathogenesis and development of diabetic retinopathy as multiple inflammatory factors, such as interleukin-1β, monocyte chemotactic protein-1 and tumor necrosis factor -α, are increased in the vitreous and retina of diabetic retinopathy patients. These inflammatory factors, together with growth factors such as vascular endothelial growth factor, contribute to blood-retinal barrier breakdown, vascular damage and neuroinflammation, as well as pathological angiogenesis in diabetic retinopathy, complicated by diabetic macular edema and proliferative diabetic retinopathy. In addition, retinal cell types including microglia, Müller glia, astrocytes, retinal pigment epithelial cells, and others are activated, to secrete inflammatory mediators, aggravating cell apoptosis and subsequent vascular leakage. New therapies, targeting these inflammatory molecules or related signaling pathways, have the potential to inhibit retinal inflammation and prevent diabetic retinopathy progression. Here, we review the relevant literature to date, summarize the inflammatory mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy, and propose inflammation-based treatments for diabetic retinopathy and diabetic macular edema.

Key words: anti-inflammation therapy, anti-vascular endothelial growth factor, diabetic retinopathy, hyperreflectivity foci, inflammation, inflammatory cells, inflammatory cytokines, leukostasis, microglia, Müller cells