中国神经再生研究(英文版) ›› 2024, Vol. 20 ›› Issue (2): 354-365.doi: 10.4103/NRR.NRR-D-23-01325

• 综述:脊髓损伤修复保护与再生 • 上一篇    下一篇

水通道蛋白4-IgG 血清阳性视神经脊髓炎谱系疾病:基于发病机制实验模型研究的最新信息

  

  • 出版日期:2025-02-15 发布日期:2024-06-18

Aquaporin-4-IgG-seropositive neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders: progress of experimental models based on disease pathogenesis

Li Xu*, #, Huiming Xu# , Changyong Tang*   

  1. Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
  • Online:2025-02-15 Published:2024-06-18
  • Contact: Li Xu, MD, xuli36@mail2.sysu.edu.cn; Changyong Tang, PhD, tangchy23@mail.sysu.edu.cn.
  • Supported by:
    This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China, No. 32100787; a grant from the Science and Technology Plan Project of Guangzhou, Nos. 202201020489 and 2023A04J1089 (all to CT).

摘要:

视神经脊髓炎谱系疾病NMOSD是一组发生于中枢神经系统的自身免疫性炎性脱髓鞘疾病,会导致永久性视力丧失和运动功能障碍。由于确切的致病机制尚不清楚,因此至今没有有效的治疗方法。因此,视神经脊髓炎谱系疾病实验模型对于探索其发病机制和筛选治疗靶点至关重要。由于大多数视神经脊髓炎谱系疾病患者对高度表达于星形胶质细胞内膜上的水通道蛋白4IgG 自身抗体呈血清阳性,因此大多数实验模型都是以水通道蛋白4-IgG 为基础开发的,而水通道蛋白4-IgG 最初的标靶是星形胶质细胞。目前的实验模型已成功模拟了视神经脊髓炎谱系疾病的许多病理特征,如水通道蛋白4缺失、星形胶质细胞病变、粒细胞和巨噬细胞浸润、补体激活、脱髓鞘和神经元缺失,但它们并不能完全捕捉人类视神经脊髓炎谱系疾病的病理过程。这篇综述总结了目前发现视神经脊髓炎谱系疾病的致病机制以及相关的体外、体内和体外实验模型的发展,提出了有待进一步研究的潜在致病机制,并为实验模型的选择提供指导。此外,还总结了基于实验模型的视神经脊髓炎谱系疾病病理和疗法的最新信息,为临床试验提供了进一步的治疗靶点和理论依据。

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0370-5108 (Li Xu); https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7048-108X (Changyong Tang)

Abstract: Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders are neuroinflammatory demyelinating disorders that lead to permanent visual loss and motor dysfunction. To date, no effective treatment exists as the exact causative mechanism remains unknown. Therefore, experimental models of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders are essential for exploring its pathogenesis and in screening for therapeutic targets. Since most patients with neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders are seropositive for IgG autoantibodies against aquaporin-4, which is highly expressed on the membrane of astrocyte endfeet, most current experimental models are based on aquaporin-4-IgG that initially targets astrocytes. These experimental models have successfully simulated many pathological features of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders, such as aquaporin-4 loss, astrocytopathy, granulocyte and macrophage infiltration, complement activation, demyelination, and neuronal loss; however, they do not fully capture the pathological process of human neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders. In this review, we summarize the currently known pathogenic mechanisms and the development of associated experimental models in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo for neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders, suggest potential pathogenic mechanisms for further investigation, and provide guidance on experimental model choices. In addition, this review summarizes the latest information on pathologies and therapies for neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders based on experimental models of aquaporin-4-IgG-seropositive neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders, offering further therapeutic targets and a theoretical basis for clinical trials.

Key words: aquaporin-4, experimental model, neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder, pathogenesis