中国神经再生研究(英文版) ›› 2025, Vol. 20 ›› Issue (11): 3317-3329.doi: 10.4103/NRR.NRR-D-24-00035

• 原著:脊髓损伤修复保护与再生 • 上一篇    下一篇

谷氨酸转运体的性别二态表达及对脊髓损伤后疼痛的影响

  

  • 出版日期:2025-11-15 发布日期:2025-02-25

The sexually dimorphic expression of glutamate transporters and their implication in pain after spinal cord injury

Jennifer M. Colón-Mercado1, *, Aranza I. Torrado-Tapias2 , Iris K. Salgado3 , José M. Santiago4 , Samuel E. Ocasio Rivera1 , Dina P. Bracho-Rincon5 , Luis H. Pagan Rivera1 , Jorge D. Miranda1   

  1. Jennifer M. Colón-Mercado 1, *, Aranza I. Torrado-Tapias 2 , Iris K. Salgado 3 , José M. Santiago 4 , Samuel E. Ocasio Rivera1 , Dina P. Bracho-Rincon 5 , Luis H. Pagan Rivera1 , Jorge D. Miranda1
  • Online:2025-11-15 Published:2025-02-25
  • Contact: Jennifer M. Colón-Mercado, PhD, jcolonm43@gmail.com.
  • Supported by:
    This study was supported by COBRE (P30GM149367); the Puerto Rico Science & Technology Trust (2022-00125); MBRS-RISE Program (R25 GM061838); and SC1GM144032 program (all to JDM).

摘要:

大部分患者在脊髓损伤后除了丧失运动功能外,还会出现疼痛,其确切细胞分子机制仍待进一步研究。兴奋性谷氨酸转运体负责细胞外谷氨酸的再摄取,这使其成为防止神经元过度兴奋和兴奋性毒性的关键靶点。作者之前的研究表明,使用选择性雌激素受体调节剂他莫昔芬治疗脊髓损伤后,会出现性二态治疗窗口。实验旨在了解他莫昔芬对雌雄脊髓损伤大鼠的镇痛作用。实验假设,他莫昔芬可通过增加谷氨酸转运体的表达,从而降低次级神经元的过度兴奋性,或通过减少异常神经出芽来发挥镇痛作用。实验中,雄性和雌性大鼠的胸脊髓均受到中度挫伤,然后皮下注射缓释他莫昔芬或基质颗粒作为对照。使用 von Frey 单丝和 “上-下法 ”评估机械痛感。他莫昔芬治疗只减少了雌性脊髓损伤大鼠的异常性疼痛,显示了性别依赖效应。谷氨酸能转运体兴奋性氨基酸转运蛋白1/ 谷氨酸-天冬氨酸转运蛋白和兴奋性氨基酸转运蛋白2/谷氨酸转运蛋白1的表达谱显示,在脊髓喙端、损伤中心和尾端区域存在性别二态性,其主要表达于星形胶质细胞中。雌性大鼠的兴奋性氨基酸转运蛋白1表达水平明显高于雄性,而兴奋性氨基酸转运蛋白2表达水平则低于雄性。脊髓损伤后背角中降钙素基因相关肽α阳性肽能纤维和凝集素B4阳性非肽能纤维的比率增加,这表明背角的感受野有所增加。虽然行为测定显示他莫昔芬处理的雌性大鼠的异常性疼痛有所减轻,但这与谷氨酸转运体的过度表达或损伤后 28 d背角片层纤维的改变无关。以上结果为谷氨酸转运体在脊髓中的性别二态性表达提供了新证据,从而为治疗脊髓损伤后的慢性疼痛提供了治疗机会。

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2912-554X (Jennifer M. Colón-Mercado)

Abstract: In addition to the loss of motor function, ~60% of patients develop pain after spinal cord injury. The cellular-molecular mechanisms are not well understood, but the data suggests that plasticity within the rostral, epicenter, and caudal penumbra of the injury site initiates a cellularmolecular interplay that acts as a rewiring mechanism leading to central neuropathic pain. Sprouting can lead to the formation of new connections triggering abnormal sensory transmission. The excitatory glutamate transporters are responsible for the reuptake of extracellular glutamate which makes them a critical target to prevent neuronal hyperexcitability and excitotoxicity. Our previous studies showed a sexually dimorphic therapeutic window for spinal cord injury after treatment with the selective estrogen receptor modulator tamoxifen. In this study, we investigated the anti-allodynic effects of tamoxifen in male and female rats with spinal cord injury. We hypothesized that tamoxifen exerts anti-allodynic effects by increasing the expression of glutamate transporters, leading to reduced hyperexcitability of the secondary neuron or by decreasing aberrant sprouting. Male and female rats received a moderate contusion to the thoracic spinal cord followed by subcutaneous slow-release treatment of tamoxifen or matrix pellets as a control (placebo). We used von Frey monofilaments and the “up-down method” to evaluate mechanical allodynia. Tamoxifen treatment decreased allodynia only in female rats with spinal cord injury revealing a sexdependent effect. The expression profile of glutamatergic transporters (excitatory amino acid transporter 1/glutamate aspartate transporter and excitatory amino acid transporter 2/glutamate transporter-1) revealed a sexual dimorphism in the rostral, epicenter, and caudal areas of the spinal cord with a pattern of expression primarily on astrocytes. Female rodents showed a significantly higher level of excitatory amino acid transporter-1 expression while male rodents showed increased excitatory amino acid transporter-2 expression compared with female rodents. Analyses of peptidergic (calcitonin gene-related peptide-α) and non-peptidergic (isolectin B4) fibers outgrowth in the dorsal horn after spinal cord injury showed an increased calcitonin gene-related peptide-α/ isolectin B4 ratio in comparison with sham, suggesting increased receptive fields in the dorsal horn. Although the behavioral assay shows decreased allodynia in tamoxifen-treated female rats, this was not associated with overexpression of glutamate transporters or alterations in the dorsal horn laminae fibers at 28 days post-injury. Our findings provide new evidence of the sexually dimorphic expression of glutamate transporters in the spinal cord. The dimorphic expression revealed in this study provides a therapeutic opportunity for treating chronic pain, an area with a critical need for treatment.

Key words: allodynia, central neuropathic pain, EAAT-1/GLAST, EAAT-2/GLT-1, glutamate transporters, selective estrogen receptor modulator, sexual dimorphism, spinal cord injury, trauma