中国神经再生研究(英文版) ›› 2021, Vol. 16 ›› Issue (7): 1394-1396.doi: 10.4103/1673-5374.300985

• 观点:退行性病与再生 • 上一篇    下一篇

微量胺在阿尔茨海默病中的潜在作用及治疗前景

  

  • 出版日期:2021-07-15 发布日期:2021-01-07

Potential contributions of trace amines in Alzheimer’s disease and therapeutic prospects

Sudip Dhakal, Ian Macreadie*   

  1. School of Science, Bundoora Campus, RMIT University, Victoria, Australia
  • Online:2021-07-15 Published:2021-01-07
  • Contact: Ian Macreadie, PhD, ian.macreadie@rmit.edu.au.

摘要: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5335-7220
(Ian Macreadie) ;
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5885-4653
(Sudip Dhakal)

Abstract: Trace amines and their biochemistry: Trace amines represent endogenous monoamines present in very low concentration (usually nM) in the brain in comparison to classical monoamine neurotransmitters. These trace amines can regulate the amount of the classical monoamine neurotransmitters in the synaptic cleft. Trace amines that have crucial roles in neuromodulation and neurotransmission include p-tyramine, β-phenylethylamine, tryptamine, 3-methoxytyramine and their derivatives including octopamine, synephrine, N-methyltyramine, N-methyltryptamine and N-methylphenethylamine. The decarboxylation of aromatic L-amino acids by aromatic amino acid decarboxylase (AAAD) (EC 4.1.1.28) is the primary source of these trace amines in cell (Gainetdinov et al., 2018). The distribution of AAAD throughout the body varies between tissues. The decarboxylation of tyrosine, phenylalanine and tryptophan leads to formation of tyramine, β-phenylethylamine and tryptamine, respectively (Figure 1A and B). Although initially thought to have no pathological and physiological relevance, trace amines proved to be more important with the discovery of trace amine associated receptors (TAARs). These trace amines have been reported to play a crucial role in regulating dopamine and serotonin levels in the synaptic cleft by signaling through TAARs. TAARs are Type A G-protein coupled receptors, which become selectively activated by p-tyramine and β-phenylethylamine but not by the classical monoamine neurotransmitters. In the meantime, other trace amines including tryptamine and octopamine also interact with TAARs as agonists (Berry, 2016).