中国神经再生研究(英文版) ›› 2021, Vol. 16 ›› Issue (10): 1921-1927.doi: 10.4103/1673-5374.308078

• 综述:神经损伤修复保护与再生 • 上一篇    下一篇

直到失去才知拥有:小胶质细胞耗竭和神经变性

  

  • 出版日期:2021-10-15 发布日期:2021-03-18

Don’t know what you got till it’s gone: microglial depletion and neurodegeneration

David Graykowski, Eiron Cudaback*   

  1. Department of Health Sciences, DePaul University, Chicago, IL, USA
  • Online:2021-10-15 Published:2021-03-18
  • Contact: Eiron Cudaback, PhD, ecudabac@depaul.edu.
  • Supported by:
    This work was supported by DePaul University grant URC450622 (to EC).

摘要:

Neural Regen Res:小胶质细胞耗竭技术能否为神经变性及再生带来新希望? 

小胶质细胞在大脑中起到保护脆弱组织,维持神经元稳态以及调节发育程序等重要作用。但小胶质细胞对损伤或功能紊乱的不适反应被认为与许多神经退行性疾病相关的至少是某些特定病理生理学的基础。药理消耗技术几乎可以完全消除培养模型、新生以及成年动物中的小胶质细胞,因此成为了研究小胶质细胞与其他中枢神经系统在健康和疾病之间复杂相互作用的有力工具。另外,局部来源的新生小胶质细胞在耗竭后迅速重新繁殖组织,为鉴定和表征新型细胞功能提供了进一步的机会。现有证据表明,小胶质细胞耗竭可能是重置或平衡大脑破坏性炎症环境的有效手段,从而促进神经再生,成为治疗干预的重要策略。

来自美国德保罗大学的Eiron Cudaback团队回顾分析了小胶质细胞和神经退行性病变关系的最新进展,侧重利用小分子CSF1R抑制剂在正常和疾病啮齿动物模型中进行有效耗竭和繁殖研究的研究。多种小胶质细胞耗竭技术为体外、离体以及体内鉴定和研究新功能提供了令人兴奋的新机会。消除健康动物中的小胶质细胞已经证实了许多归因于这些细胞的管家职责,清除健康动物体内的小胶质细胞证实了许多早已赋予这些细胞的“管家”职责,同时也揭示了非炎症活动等相关活动对宿主大脑的广泛影响。越来越多的证据支持小胶质细胞对神经元发育和体内稳态(尤其是与神经再生有关)起着关键的调节作用。在各种神经退行性疾病的啮齿动物模型中,耗竭策略的应用大大提升了研究者对特定病理生理学的理解,指引了潜在的治疗途径。今后需要更好地定义小胶质细胞“是敌是友”的分子决定因素,以及它们作为治疗靶标的价值。但不可否认小胶质细胞耗竭在科学和医学领域对神经变性和神经再生的持续研究中显示出巨大的希望。

文章在《中国神经再生研究(英文版)》杂志20211010期发表。

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1167-6623 (Eiron Cudaback)

Abstract: In the central nervous system, immunologic surveillance and response are carried out, in large part, by microglia. These resident macrophages derive from myeloid precursors in the embryonic yolk sac, migrating to the brain and eventually populating local tissue prior to blood-brain barrier formation. Preserved for the duration of lifespan, microglia serve the host as more than just a central arm of innate immunity, also contributing significantly to the development and maintenance of neurons and neural networks, as well as neuroregeneration. The critical nature of these varied functions makes the characterization of key roles played by microglia in neurodegenerative disorders, especially Alzheimer’s disease, of paramount importance. While genetic models and rudimentary pharmacologic approaches for microglial manipulation have greatly improved our understanding of central nervous system health and disease, significant advances in the selective and near complete in vitro and in vivo depletion of microglia for neuroscience application continue to push the boundaries of research. Here we discuss the research efficacy and utility of various microglial depletion strategies, including the highly effective CSF1R inhibitor models, noteworthy insights into the relationship between microglia and neurodegeneration, and the potential for therapeutic repurposing of microglial depletion and repopulation.

Key words: Alzheimer’s disease, clodronate liposomes, CSF1R, depletion, microglia, neurodegeneration, neuroregeneration, repopulation