Abstract: “Last scene of all that ends this strange, eventful history, is second childishness and mere oblivion. I am sans teeth, sans eyes, sans taste, sans everything.” William Shakespeare ‘As You Like It’ Act 2, Sc. 7, l. 139 Aging of the human brain is characterized by a progressive decline of its functional capacity; this decline however varies widely, and cognitive longevity differs substantially between individuals. Aging is associated with an increased prevalence of neurodegenerative diseases ultimately causing dementia; again the cognitive outcome of agedependent neurodegenerative diseases is widely different and is not directly correlated with the pathological damage to the nervous tissue. This disparity between age-dependent deterioration of the brain and cognitive presentation is defined by the individual properties of every given individual generally referred to as cognitive reserve (Stern and Barulli, 2019). The cognitive reserve is the function of the life-long interaction of the organism and its brain with the exposome, the latter being a cumulative effect of all environmental challenges and intrinsic responses (adaptations and learning) that occur during the life span. The brain, because of its remarkable plasticity, is significantly modified during life; learning affects active milieu of the brain (Semyanov and Verkhratsky, 2021) thus defining its resilience (or vulnerability) to aging and age-associated brain disorders.