Abstract: In recent years, rising life expectancy has led to a significant increase in the prevalence of neurodegenerative disorders, including Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Parkinson’s disease, and age-related cognitive decline. Additionally, other neurological conditions such as glioblastoma, the most common and aggressive brain tumor in adults have been more frequently reported in aging populations. The brain itself is highly vulnerable to age-related changes, particularly disruptions in homeostatic regulation, which further contribute to its functional decline and heightened susceptibility to disease. This has led to a surge of interest in understanding the cellular and molecular mechanisms driving these changes, with a heightened focus directed at microglia, the resident immune sentinels of the brain. Microglia under physiological conditions actively survey the brain environment, clear invading pathogens, remove dead or dying neurons, and promote synaptic remodeling and neuroprotection. They support neuronal functions and overall brain activity in close cooperation with other glial cells, particularly astrocytes, involved in synaptic signal transmission (Malvaso et al., 2023). However, microglia exhibit significant heterogeneity between species and even between brain regions that must be considered when interpreting research findings.