中国神经再生研究(英文版) ›› 2016, Vol. 11 ›› Issue (2): 226-227.doi: 10.4103/1673-5374.177720

• 观点:脑损伤修复保护与再生 • 上一篇    下一篇

创伤性脑损伤后的肝损害:前景和潜在治疗靶点

  

  • 收稿日期:2015-12-07 出版日期:2016-02-15 发布日期:2016-02-15

Consequences of hepatic damage after traumatic brain injury: current outlook and potential therapeutic targets

Sonia Villapol   

  1. Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
  • Received:2015-12-07 Online:2016-02-15 Published:2016-02-15
  • Contact: Sonia Villapol, Ph.D.,sonia.villapol@georgetown.edu.

摘要:

创伤性脑损伤是一种严重的病理情况,是持续性的公共卫生和医疗问题。虽然创伤性脑损伤是有因为脑组织直接损失而造成长期后果,但治疗主要集中在减轻继发性损害方面。然而,尽管创伤性脑损伤已有成功的实验数据,但失败的临床试验却超过30项。这些研究大多是基于神经保护治疗,用以减轻炎症和神经退行性病变的脑损伤以及随之而来的运动和认知改善。然而,大脑损伤同时也会给血液和外周器官带来改变。这是经常被再生研究人员忽略的一个重要方面。脑损伤研究方面的最新突破开始表明研究脑部炎症和外周器官之间的联系十分值得关注;而其中对炎症最敏感的器官就是肝脏。肝脏和其他器官系统性产生的细胞因子和趋化因子会响应脑损伤,因为大脑与周边的通信是二次响应大脑炎症的一个基本因素。最近的研究表明,病灶性损伤大脑会引起快速肝反应,由肝脏生产的趋化因子会充当病灶性损伤响应的放大器,并为中枢神经系统到肝通信提供路径。脑损伤后肝脏炎性中介的阻断可以有效地改变白细胞到大脑的募集,这是当外周炎症加重脑损伤进展时需要考虑的一个重要因素。作为多效促炎症性急性期蛋白,血清淀粉样蛋白A可能代表着脑损伤和肝脏系统性炎症反应的重要纽带。然而,也有证据表明,系统性炎症对脑损伤具有一定程度的耐受性。像肝脏一样,在急性创伤性脑损伤中也观察到了其他器官中存在类似的病理特征,因此这可能代表着提高临床疗效的替代治疗靶点。总之,由于炎症似乎是脑损伤和外周之间的公共链路,我们就需要假设创伤性脑损伤后释放炎症信号可以调节肝响应的因素并因此诱导受损的脑区域的有害变化。

Abstract:

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a serious pathology affecting around 10 million people annually, being a persistent public health and medical problem. Although TBI has long term consequences due to the immediate loss of brain tissue, treatment has focused on mitigating secondary damage. Yet there exist more that 30 clinical trials for TBI that fail despite successful experimental data. Most of these studies were based on neuroprotective treatments to reduce inflammation and neurodegeneration in the injured brain, with consequent the motor and cognitive improvements. However, injury to the brain also produces alterations in the bloodstream and peripheral organs. Recent breakthroughs in brain injury research investigate the link between brain inflammation and peripheral organs; and one of the most sensitive organs to inflammation is the liver. The systemic production of cytokines and chemokines by the liver and other organs, in response to the brain damage, is an essential factor of the inflammatory secondary response in the brain due to communication of brain-periphery. Recent studies have demonstrated that focal injury to the brain elicits a rapid hepatic response, the production of chemokines by the liver acts as an amplifier of the focal injury response providing a route of CNS-liver communication. The blockade of inflammatory intermediaries of the liver after brain injury can effectively alter the recruitment of leukocytes to the brain, an important factor to consider when peripheral inflammation exacerbates the progression of brain damage. As an acute phase protein with pleiotropic pro-inflammatory properties, SAA may represent an important link between brain injury and hepatic and systemic inflammation. Yet, there is also evidence to suggest that systemic inflammation confers a degree of tolerance to brain injury. Like the liver, other secondary organs damaged by similar pathologies observed in patients with acute brain injury may also represent alternative therapeutic targets for improving clinical outcome. In conclusion, since inflammation appears to be a common link between brain injury and the periphery, one is led to hypothesize that inflammatory signals released after TBI could regulate components of hepatic response and that consequently induce detrimental changes damaged brain regions.