中国神经再生研究(英文版) ›› 2016, Vol. 11 ›› Issue (8): 1197-1200.doi: 10.4103/1673-5374.189159

• 综述:神经损伤修复保护与再生 •    下一篇

胶质应激反应中的解偶联蛋白2:对神经保护的意义

  

  • 出版日期:2016-08-31 发布日期:2016-08-31

Uncoupling protein 2 in the glial response to stress: implications for neuroprotection

Daniel T. Hass, Colin J. Barnstable*   

  1. Department of Neural and Behavioral Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
  • Online:2016-08-31 Published:2016-08-31
  • Contact: Colin J. Barnstable, D.Phil., cbarnstable@psu.edu.

摘要:

活性氧是高反应性自由基,可以破坏DNA、脂质和蛋白质。在中枢神经系统中,升高的活性氧水平可以直接通过作用于神经元或神经胶质细胞对神经系统造成损害。而提高活性氧胶质水平可以刺激一种表型改变,这称为反应性胶质,其特点是内环境稳定功能的一些改变会间接导致神经退行性疾病。活性氧诱导的细胞损伤和反应性神经胶质增生是许多神经退行性疾病进展的牵连致病性机制。解偶联蛋白2是一种线粒体内膜中的溶质载体蛋白,负责调节质子泄漏从而影响活性氧线粒体产物。解偶联蛋白2介导的质子泄漏是在中枢神经系统中对活性氧诱导的细胞死亡有保护性作用。而解偶联蛋白2可以通过直接作用于神经元发生保护性,假设,解偶联蛋白2的神经保护作用的附加组成来源于神经胶质细胞,并通过调节神经胶质细胞炎症表现响应于细胞应激发挥作用。目前旨在减少神经退行性疾病氧化应激的治疗方法还没有成功的临床试验,这意味着我们需要在调节活性氧水平方面做出更有效的尝试和努力。解偶联蛋白2来自线粒体,并可以调节氧化应激,是具有很大潜力的神经保护剂。考虑到解偶联蛋白2内源调节机制的很多方面,我们相信将有很大几率可以成功设计以及可操纵机制的治疗药物。由于解偶联蛋白2在星形细胞和小胶质细胞受损响应中起着关键作用,我们建议,可以通过降低炎性因子分泌增加神经胶质解偶联蛋白2活性和以及内源性抗氧化剂供给,进而增强神经元的存活。

orcid: 0000-0002-7011-4068 (Colin J. Barnstable)

Abstract:

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are free radicals thought to mediate the neurotoxic effects of several neurodegenerative disorders. In the central nervous system, ROS can also trigger a phenotypic switch in both astrocytes and microglia that further aggravates neurodegeneration, termed reactive gliosis. Negative regulators of ROS, such as mitochondrial uncoupling protein 2 (UCP2) are neuroprotective factors that decrease neuron loss in models of stroke, epilepsy, and parkinsonism. However, it is unclear whether UCP2 acts purely to prevent ROS production, or also to prevent gliosis. In this review article, we discuss published evidence supporting the hypothesis that UCP2 is a neuroprotective factor both through its direct effects in decreasing mitochondrial ROS and through its effects in astrocytes and microglia. A major effect of UCP2 activation in glia is a change in the spectrum of secreted cytokines towards a more anti-in?ammatory spectrum. There are multiple mechanisms that can control the level or activity of UCP2, including a variety of metabolites and microRNAs. Understanding these mechanisms will be key to exploitingthe protective effects of UCP2 in therapies for multiple neurodegenerative conditions.

Key words: neuroprotection, astrocytes, microglia, reactive oxygen species, oxidative stress, mitochondrial uncoupling proteins, cytokines, neurodegeneration