中国神经再生研究(英文版) ›› 2016, Vol. 11 ›› Issue (11): 1704-1707.doi: 10.4103/1673-5374.194705

• 综述:神经损伤修复保护与再生 • 上一篇    下一篇

牙来源干细胞:神经系统再生的一种新型有效手段

  

  • 出版日期:2016-11-30 发布日期:2016-11-30

Applicability of tooth derived stem cells in neural regeneration

Ludovica Parisi*, Edoardo Manfredi   

  1. Centro Universitario di Odontoiatria, University of Parma, Parma, Italy; Dip. Scienze Biomediche, Biotecnologiche e Traslazionali, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
  • Online:2016-11-30 Published:2016-11-30
  • Contact: Ludovica Parisi, Ph.D., ludovica.paris@gmail.com.

摘要:

再生和修复是引导伤口愈合的两种过程,各自具有不同特点。例如,它们的发生频率不同:修复在大多数受伤组织中是一种常见现象,通过使用非特异性组织替代受损组织促进修复,过程中会产生成纤维细胞,即瘢痕。瘢痕一旦形成,受损的伤口被填满并且组织的完整性也被重建了,但随之发生的是组织功能丧失。如果修复是一种非特异现象,那么再生就是一种完全特殊的伤口愈合过程。再生需要同一种组织替换丧失组织,这种组织要由特定的细胞产生且等同于原来的组织,因而允许体系结构的恢复和功能完整性。如今,再生医学在对于恢复受损组织和器官结构与功能上是一个有效的跨学科方法。在神经系统大环境下,再生医学的目标是通过分子因子、细胞和支架诱导组织再生,并还原合适的微环境。至于在再生医学方法里用到的细胞组成,它们可以作为细胞治疗单独使用或是在组织工程方法中与支架结合使用。在可供选择的细胞来源中,体外分化后,成年干细胞得到了广泛注意,神经干细胞在这种方法中显然代表了理想的细胞来源,因为它们能分化成神经元、星型细胞和少突胶质细胞。然而,另一方面,它们很难从脑中被分离出来,因此,还需要其他的细胞来源。最近二十年,间充质干细胞也被广泛研究过,并且大部分都是从骨髓中和脂肪组织中被分离出来的。间充质干细胞是多功能干细胞能分化成的广泛细胞类型,包括成骨、软骨、生脂、肌生和神经性谱系。虽然间充质干细胞是成熟细胞的可观来源,但是要获取它们有很多困难,需要有像骨髓吸引术或抽脂术有侵害性的技术,并且大范围的细胞群问题会限制它们在实践中的使用。最近,在牙齿上发现了不同的干细胞组成。这些细胞起源在胚胎发育期间的神经脊上,因此理论上可以在再生医学应用到神经系统时开发它们。

orcid: 0000-0002-4673-3176 (Ludovica Parisi)

Abstract: Within the nervous system, regeneration is limited, and this is due to the small amount of neural stem cells, the inhibitory origin of the stem cell niche and ofen to the development of a scar which constitutes a mechanical barrier for the regeneration. Regarding these aspects, many e?orts have been done in the research of a cell component that combined with sca?olds and growth factors could be suitable for nervous regeneration in regenerative medicine approaches. Autologous mesenchymal stem cells represent nowadays the ideal candidate for this aim, thank to their multipotency and to their amount inside adult tissues. However, issues in their harvesting, through the use of invasive techniques, and problems involved in their ageing, require the research of new autologous sources. To this purpose, the recent discovery of a stem cells component in teeth, and which derive from neural crest cells, has came to the light the possibility of using dental stem cells in nervous system regeneration. In this work, in order to give guidelines on the use of dental stem cells for neural regeneration, we brie?y introduce the concepts of regeneration and regenerative medicine, we then focus the attention on odontogenesis, which involves the formation and the presence of a stem component in di?erent parts of teeth, and fnally we describe some experimental approaches which are exploiting dental stem cells for neural studies.

Key words: multipotent stem cells, odontogenesis, regeneration, brain, spinal cord, teeth