中国神经再生研究(英文版) ›› 2016, Vol. 11 ›› Issue (11): 1731-1734.doi: 10.4103/1673-5374.194707

• 综述:神经损伤修复保护与再生 • 上一篇    下一篇

神经元一氧化氮合酶:治疗神经性疾病有价值的干预靶点?

  

  • 出版日期:2016-11-30 发布日期:2016-11-30

Targeting neuronal nitric oxide synthase as a valuable strategy for the therapy of neurological disorders

Cristina Maccallini*, Rosa Amoroso   

  1. Department of Pharmacy, University “G. d’Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
  • Online:2016-11-30 Published:2016-11-30
  • Contact: Cristina Maccallini, Ph.D., cristina.maccallini@unich.it.

摘要:

越来越多的研究显示中枢神经系统的异常氮能信号在神经性疾病发展中是决定性事件之一,例如,缺血性脑卒中、偏头痛、急性大脑和脊髓损伤等等。一氧化氮是由来自精氨酸的一氧化氮合酶群通过生物学方法合成的自由基信号分子,在过程中与氧气和很多辅酶因子有两阶段反应,例如,还原型辅酶、黄素和四氢生物喋呤。三个一氧化氮合酶同系物最近才被熟知:神经元和内皮同系物合成(神经元型一氧化氮合酶和内皮型一氧化氮合酶);可诱导同系物(诱导型一氧化氮合酶)表达对侵入病原体的应答。在中枢神经系统中,神经元型一氧化氮合酶十分显著,而且衍生一氧化氮在生理学上充当神经递质。为了具有功能性,神经元型一氧化氮合酶将与合成的钙离子结合在一起,尽管在多种神经退变情况下,也有异常的钙离子经由过刺激谷氨酸受体流入到突触后神经元细胞中。这与三元谷氨酸受体、突触后密度蛋白95抗体、神经元型一氧化氮合酶合成一体可以引起神经元型一氧化氮合酶的过刺激并会导致永久激化。过度生产的一氧化氮会损害神经递质,影响神经元的循坏和既定的氮化应激。甚至,一氧化氮也可以作为亚硝鎓离子(NO+)和硝酰离子(NO-)存在,也可以和超氧阴离子反应形成可以引起脂质过氧化作用和毁坏性的高活性过氧亚硝基(ONOO-)。此外,过多的一氧化氮会激化丝裂原活化蛋白激酶P38和其他下游的信号蛋白质,造成神经元死亡。

orcid: 0000-0003-2957-8650 (Cristina Maccallini)

Abstract: The management of neurological disorders have huge and increasing human and economic costs. Despite this, there is a scarcity of effective therapeutics, and there is an extreme urgency for new and real treatments. In this short review we analyze some promising advancements in the search of new bioactive molecules targeting neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS), an enzyme deputed to the biosynthesis of nitric oxide (NO). In di?erent conditions of neuronal damages, this molecule is overproduced, contributing to the pathogenesis and progression of neuronal diseases. Two main approaches to modulate nNOS are discussed: a frst one consisting in the direct inhibition of the enzyme by means of small organic molecules, which can be also active against other di?erent targets involved in such diseases. A second section is dedicated to molecules able to prevent the formation of the ternary complex N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)- type glutamate receptors, postsynaptic density-95 (PSD95) protein-nNOS, which is necessary to activate the latter for the biosynthesis of NO.

Key words: amidines, carbonic anhydrase, inhibitors, neurological diseases, neuronal nitric oxide synthase, NMDAR, PSD95