中国神经再生研究(英文版) ›› 2022, Vol. 17 ›› Issue (3): 565-566.doi: 10.4103/1673-5374.320979

• 观点:脑损伤修复保护与再生 • 上一篇    下一篇

胶质衰退和失去稳态支持而非炎症定义了认知老化

  

  • 出版日期:2022-03-15 发布日期:2021-10-15

Glial decline and loss of homeostatic support rather than inflammation defines cognitive aging

Alexei Verkhratsky*, Natalia Lazareva, Alexey Semyanov   

  1. Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK; Achucarro Center for Neuroscience, IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Department of Neurosciences, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU and CIBERNED, Leioa, Spain (Verkhratsky A)
    Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia (Verkhratsky A, Lazareva N, Semyanov A)
    Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia (Semyanov A)
  • Online:2022-03-15 Published:2021-10-15
  • Contact: Alexei Verkhratsky, PhD, Alexej.Verkhratsky@manchester.ac.uk.
  • Supported by:
    The work of AS was supported by the Russian Science Foundation, No. 20-14-00241.

摘要: Neural Regen Res:神经胶质细胞形态和功能改变可能是衰老的根本
慢性神经炎症,是衰老的普遍属性,脑衰老只是“炎症”的一部分。然而,这种观点需要得到证实,特别是尚未有神经炎症的明确定义。反应性神经胶质增生(星形胶质细胞增生或小胶质细胞增生,以及少突胶质前体细胞也称为 NG-2 神经胶质细胞的反应性)通常是神经炎症的最终表现,而衰老通常被认为与神经胶质反应性增生有关。
来自英国曼彻斯特大学的Alexei Verkhratsky团队认为,年龄依赖性衰老不仅限于星形胶质细胞。衰老的神经胶质细胞会经历形态和功能萎缩,这限制了其稳态和防御能力。衰老(甚至生理性的)会导致脑白质体积显著减少,表明少突胶质细胞消失。此外,衰老与少突胶质细胞前体细胞的萎缩变化和再生能力降低有关,这在神经退行性疾病中表现更为明显。同样,大脑衰老与营养不良的小胶质细胞的积累有关,这再次导致稳态支持减少、小胶质细胞防御降低和神经组织的先天免疫受损。总之,大脑老化不太可能是炎症概念所假设的主动破坏;相反,其反映了神经胶质细胞提供的重要支持的减弱。最有效的抗衰老治疗与生活方式的改变有关,包括智力参与度、情绪平衡、体育锻炼、健康的睡眠方案和适当的饮食。这些干预措施主要与神经可塑性有关:其影响神经胶质细胞的形态和功能,特别是增加星形胶质细胞的复杂性和稳态能力,从而提高大脑储备、延长认知寿命和抵抗神经变性。

文章在《中国神经再生研究(英文版)》杂志2022年 3月 3期发表。

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2592-9898 (Alexei Verkhratsky) 

Abstract: The preservation of cognitive longevity and arresting the pandemic of senile dementia engulfing the modern world is arguably the major challenge faced by biomedical research in the 21st century. Age is the leading risk factor for neurodegenerative diseases and vascular dementia, and yet there is a clear distinction between physiological and pathological brain aging; the former proceeds with cognitive abilities mainly preserved, whereas the latter is manifested with rapid cognitive decline. The cellular and molecular mechanisms of brain aging remain disputed, with numerous indications for metabolic and signaling alterations (Mattson and Arumugam, 2018). Chronic neuroinflammation in particular, is frequently considered as a universal attribute of aging (Di Benedetto et al., 2017), with brain aging being but a part of “inflammageing” (Franceschi et al., 2007) embracing the whole organism. This view, however, needs to be corroborated, particularly considering that the concept of neuroinflammation is not clearly defined. Reactive gliosis (astrogliosis or microgliosis, and possibly reactivity of oligodendrocyte precursor cells also known as NG-2 glia) is frequently regarded as the ultimate sign of neuroinflammation and aging is generally believed to be associated with progressive increase in glial reactivity. Experimental evidence for the predominance of reactive glia in the old brain is however controversial; instead, the age-dependent glial morphofunctional decline may present more accurate description of brain aging.