中国神经再生研究(英文版) ›› 2022, Vol. 17 ›› Issue (5): 978-982.doi: 10.4103/1673-5374.324825

• 综述:脑损伤修复保护与再生 • 上一篇    下一篇

脑震荡(轻度创伤性脑损伤)轴索损伤的弥散张量纤维束成像表现

  

  • 出版日期:2022-05-15 发布日期:2021-11-08

Diffusion tensor tractography characteristics of axonal injury in concussion/mild traumatic brain injury

Sung Ho Jang, You Sung Seo*   

  1. Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, College of Medicine, Yeungnam University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
  • Online:2022-05-15 Published:2021-11-08
  • Contact: You Sung Seo, PhD, yousung1008@hanmail.net.
  • Supported by:
    This work was supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grant funded by the Korean Goverment, No. 2018R1A6A3A11050913 (to YSS).

摘要: Neural Regen Res:脑震荡(轻度创伤性脑损伤)轴索损伤的弥散张量纤维束成像表现
脑震荡被定义为通过对头部的物理冲击传递到大脑的外部机械力导致的短暂可逆的神经功能障碍。换句话说,它指的是急性头部创伤导致的大脑神经功能的短暂变化,不涉及任何脑部器质性综合征,也不伴随常规脑部磁共振成像(MRI)的任何病变迹象。如果创伤后意识丧失的时间少于6小时,则被归为脑震荡;如果意识丧失的时间超过6小时,则被归为弥漫性轴索损伤。轻度创伤性脑损伤(mTBI)是指意识丧失时间少于30分钟的脑创伤,由于它们的定义相似,mTBI和脑震荡这两个术语经常被交替使用。
在脑震荡病例中不应该检测到轴索损伤病变,但在一项使用猴子的实验中,将近一半(46.7%)的动物在脑震荡后不到6小时就失去了意识,经病理检查,显示有表明轴索损伤的病变。也有报道称,12.5%至30%的脑震荡患者通过常规MRI检测到轴索损伤病变。
在脑震荡病例中,确定没有神经损伤的主要依据是观察常规脑部MRI没有异常结果。但脑部MRI的正常发现可能并不表明大脑具有正常状态。由于常规MRI的分辨率限制,而且80%的弥漫性轴索损伤病变为非出血性病变或只有通过病理检查才能确定的微小病变,因此有时认为弥漫性轴索损伤患者通过常规脑MRI能发现的病变只是冰山一角。
相比之下,20世纪90年代发展起来的弥散张量成像提供了常规MRI无法获得的皮质下白质的宝贵信息。弥散张量成像在识别创伤性脑损伤的微观结构性白质异常方面有独特的优势,如轴索损伤,这些异常通常在常规脑MRI上无法检测到。因此,弥散张量成像能够诊断各种神经系统疾病的病变,如脑震荡(轻度创伤性脑损伤)、脑卒中、缺氧缺血性脑损伤、脑瘫和多发性硬化等传统MRI无法检测的病变。
弥散张量纤维束成像的主要优势在于它可以根据各种弥散张量图的参数测量来评估整个神经束。此外,对重建的神经束的构型分析可以显示异常,如撕裂、变窄或不连续,这已被用于识别脑震荡(mTBI)患者的神经束的轴突损伤。韩国岭南大学医学院的Sung Ho Jang等在《中国神经再生研究(英文版)》杂志2022年第5期的文章中,回顾了以往关于脑震荡(轻度创伤性脑损伤)患者轴索损伤表现的弥散张量纤维束成像证据。脑震荡和轻度创伤性脑损伤患者轴索损伤病变的特点是发生在长神经束和多处损伤。弥漫性轴索损伤患者大部分可观察到皮质脊髓束中断,但在脑震荡和轻度创伤性脑损伤的轴索损伤患者中经常出现皮质下白质部分的撕裂和狭窄。弥漫性轴索损伤患者经常出现穹窿断裂,但这种情况在脑震荡(轻度创伤性脑损伤)患者则不常见。虽然大脑多个区域出现轴索损伤是弥漫性轴索损伤的一个重要特征,但脑震荡(轻度创伤性脑损伤)轴索损伤发生在多个神经束中。由于脑震荡(轻度创伤性脑损伤)患者的轴索损伤病变可能在损伤发生后持续10年,文章还对脑震荡(轻度创伤性脑损伤)患者轴索损伤的特点进行了回顾和分类,希望能为脑震荡(轻度创伤性脑损伤)患者轴索损伤的诊断提供参考数据。

Abstract: The main advantage of diffusion tensor tractography is that it allows the entire neural tract to be evaluated. In addition, configurational analysis of reconstructed neural tracts can indicate abnormalities such as tearing, narrowing, or discontinuations, which have been used to identify axonal injury of neural tracts in concussion patients. This review focuses on the characteristic features of axonal injury in concussion or mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) patients through the use of diffusion tensor tractography. Axonal injury in concussion (mTBI) patients is characterized by their occurrence in long neural tracts and multiple injuries, and these characteristics are common in patients with diffuse axonal injury and in concussion (mTBI) patients with axonal injury. However, the discontinuation of the corticospinal tract is mostly observed in diffuse axonal injury, and partial tearing and narrowing in the subcortical white matter are frequently observed in concussion (mTBI) patients with axonal injury. This difference appears to be attributed to the observation that axonal injury in concussion (mTBI) patients is the result of weaker forces than those producing diffuse axonal injuries. In addition, regarding the fornix, in diffuse axonal injury, discontinuation of the fornical crus has been frequently reported, but in concussion (mTBI) patients, many collateral branches form in the fornix in addition to these findings in many case studies. It is presumed that the impact on the brain in TBI is relatively weaker than that in diffuse axonal injury, and that the formation of collateral branches occurs during the fornix recovery process. Although the occurrence of axonal injury in multiple areas of the brain is an important feature of diffuse axonal injury, case studies in concussion (mTBI) have shown that axonal injury occurs in multiple neural tracts. Because axonal injury lesions in mTBI patients may persist for approximately 10 years after injury onset, the characteristics of axonal injury in concussion (mTBI) patients, which are reviewed and categorized in this review, are expected to serve as useful supplementary information in the diagnosis of axonal injury in concussion (mTBI) patients.

Key words: axonal injury, brain injury, concussion, diffusion tensor imaging, diffusion tensor tractography, mild traumatic brain injury, neural tract