中国神经再生研究(英文版) ›› 2022, Vol. 17 ›› Issue (5): 937-947.doi: 10.4103/1673-5374.324829

• 综述:周围神经损伤修复保护与再生 • 上一篇    下一篇

淋巴成像和视神经调节

  

  • 出版日期:2022-05-15 发布日期:2021-11-08

Glymphatic imaging and modulation of the optic nerve

Anisha Kasi1, Crystal Liu1, Muneeb A. Faiq1, Kevin C. Chan1, 2, 3, 4, *   

  1. 1Department of Ophthalmology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York University, New York, NY, USA; 2Department of Radiology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York University, New York, NY, USA; 3Neuroscience Institute, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York University, New York, NY, USA; 4Center for Neural Science, College of Arts and Science, New York University, New York, NY, USA
  • Online:2022-05-15 Published:2021-11-08
  • Contact: Kevin C. Chan, PhD, chuenwing.chan@fulbrightmail.org.
  • Supported by:
    This work was supported by National Institutes of Health, No. R01-EY028125; BrightFocus Foundation, No. G2019103; Feldstein Medical Foundation; Research to Prevent Blindness/Stavros Niarchos Foundation International Research Collaborators Award; and an unrestricted grant from Research to Prevent Blindness to NYU Langone Health Department of Ophthalmology (to KCC).

摘要: Neural Regen Res:视神经的淋巴调节
视神经健康对视觉系统的正常功能至关重要。某些影响视神经的神经退行性疾病过程的病理生理学机制,如青光眼,尚不完全清楚。最近,有人推测,适当清除神经毒素能力的缺乏引起了神经退行性疾病。清除代谢废物的能力对哺乳动物(包括人类)的组织内稳态至关重要。虽然大脑缺乏在其他解剖区域发现的传统淋巴引流系统,但越来越多的证据表明,中枢神经系统中有一个淋巴系统,在结构上包括视神经。为了确认星形胶质细胞的支持作用,这种血管周围液体引流系统对于清除中枢神经系统中的有毒代物的代谢至关重要。随着最近研究探索了通过药物干预改变水通道蛋白4活性的潜在途径,乙酰胆碱系统在神经退行性疾病发病机制中的作用继续得到阐明,其涉及途径包括水通道蛋白4调节剂和γ-氨基丁酸激动剂;膳食补充剂,如ω-3多不饱和脂肪酸和维生素B3和类黄酮;以及疗法的综合方法,如体育锻炼、间歇禁食和睡眠。由于视神经是中枢神经系统间脑的延伸,期望这些作用于中枢神经系统的途径在未来可能被转化为探索视神经的淋巴调节。
来自美国纽约大学的Kevin C. Chan团队认为,一种能抑制水通道蛋白4功能和减轻脑水肿的化合物AER-271,其开发是为了在pH值为7的水溶液中获得比其前身AER-270更高的水溶性(> 5000倍的改善)。在通过静脉途径给予10 mg/kg AER-271的脑卒中模型中,动物表现出脑水肿减轻和神经功能改善。在窒息性心脏骤停的大鼠模型中,AER-271治疗显示出对早期脑水肿、神经功能缺损和神经炎症的保护作用。γ-氨基丁酸可调节Aß的淋巴清除。γ-氨基丁酸增强了野生型小鼠的淋巴清除率,但在水通道蛋白4缺失小鼠中没有,表明γ-氨基丁酸介导的清除率依赖于水通道蛋白4通道。ω-3多不饱和脂肪酸可缓解神经退行性疾病。黄酮类化合物,如黄芩苷、皮诺塞布林、槲皮素和菲西汀等,参与了水通道蛋白4在脑和眼睛中的表达。维生素B3被认为是治疗青光眼视神经变性的潜在药物。体育锻炼被认为是青光眼的一个可改变的危险因素和潜在的治疗干预。间歇禁食有可能影响淋巴结的清除。睡眠对淋巴结清除率的影响可能与昼夜节律有关,因为在小鼠的中间休息期,脑脊液分布和水通道蛋白4极化水平最高。视神经疾病(如青光眼和脑积水)可能涉及到淋巴功能障碍。结合药物干预和整合的方法可指导视神经靶向治疗策略的发展,并可能有助于改善视神经病变,改善视力健康的结果。
文章在《中国神经再生研究(英文版)》杂志2022年5月5期发表。

Abstract: Optic nerve health is essential for proper function of the visual system. However, the pathophysiology of certain neurodegenerative disease processes affecting the optic nerve, such as glaucoma, is not fully understood. Recently, it was hypothesized that a lack of proper clearance of neurotoxins contributes to neurodegenerative diseases. The ability to clear metabolic waste is essential for tissue homeostasis in mammals, including humans. While the brain lacks the traditional lymphatic drainage system identified in other anatomical regions, there is growing evidence of a glymphatic system in the central nervous system, which structurally includes the optic nerve. Named to acknowledge the supportive role of astroglial cells, this perivascular fluid drainage system is essential to remove toxic metabolites from the central nervous system. Herein, we review existing literature describing the physiology and dysfunction of the glymphatic system specifically as it relates to the optic nerve. We summarize key imaging studies demonstrating the existence of a glymphatic system in the optic nerves of wild-type rodents, aquaporin 4-null rodents, and humans; glymphatic imaging studies in diseases where the optic nerve is impaired; and current evidence regarding pharmacological and lifestyle interventions that may help promote glymphatic function to improve optic nerve health. We conclude by highlighting future research directions that could be applied to improve imaging detection and guide therapeutic interventions for diseases affecting the optic nerve.

Key words: aquaporin-4, cerebrospinal fluid, glaucoma, glymphatic system, hydrocephalus, imaging, metabolic waste clearance, optic nerve, perivascular, pharmacological and lifestyle interventions