中国神经再生研究(英文版) ›› 2024, Vol. 19 ›› Issue (2): 282-288.doi: 10.4103/1673-5374.379036

• 综述:退行性病与再生 • 上一篇    下一篇

外泌体调节成体神经发生:对神经退行性疾病的影响

  

  • 出版日期:2024-02-15 发布日期:2023-08-29
  • 基金资助:
    四川省科学技术厅基金

The role of exosomes in adult neurogenesis: implications for neurodegenerative diseases

Zhuoyang Yu1, 2, Yan Teng2, Jing Yang1, 2, Lu Yang1, 2, *   

  1. 1Institute of Neurology, Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China; 2Laboratory of Aging Research, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
  • Online:2024-02-15 Published:2023-08-29
  • Contact: Lu Yang, PhD, lyang@uestc.edu.cn.
  • Supported by:
    This work was supported by grants from the Department of Science and Technology of Sichuan Province, Nos. 2021ZYD0093 (to LY), 2022YFS0597 (to LY), 2021YJ0480 (to YT), and 2022ZYD0076 (to JY).

摘要:

外泌体广泛存在于体液中,如尿液、血液、牛奶和唾液。外泌体通过在不同细胞之间的运输发挥生物功能,并调节受体细胞的生物途径。作为细胞间交流的一种重要形式,外泌体因其在细胞间转移生物活性分子如脂质、蛋白质、mRNA和microRNA的能力及并参与了中枢神经系统的生理和病理过程的调节而被关注。成体神经发生是一个多阶段的过程,在这个过程中,新生神经元迁移到现有的神经元回路中。在成体大脑中,神经发生主要定位在两个专门的龛位,即毗邻侧脑室的脑室下区和齿状回的颗粒下区。越来越多的证据表明,成体神经发生受到神经龛内环境条件的严格控制。最近,不同来源的细胞释放的外泌体已被证明在体外和体内调节神经发生方面发挥了积极作用,从而参与了神经退行性疾病的进展。文章总结了外泌体在神经退行性疾病治疗方面应用潜力的最新研究进展,认为外泌体可通过改善内源性神经发生来对抗中枢神经系统中的神经元损失,从而治疗神经退行性疾病。同时,外泌体可以作为潜在的生物标志物来监测成体神经发生情况。

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9144-3234 (Lu Yang)

Abstract: Exosomes are cup-shaped extracellular vesicles with a lipid bilayer that is approximately 30 to 200 nm in thickness. Exosomes are widely distributed in a range of body fluids, including urine, blood, milk, and saliva. Exosomes exert biological function by transporting factors between different cells and by regulating biological pathways in recipient cells. As an important form of intercellular communication, exosomes are increasingly being investigated due to their ability to transfer bioactive molecules such as lipids, proteins, mRNAs, and microRNAs between cells, and because they can regulate physiological and pathological processes in the central nervous system. Adult neurogenesis is a multistage process by which new neurons are generated and migrate to be integrated into existing neuronal circuits. In the adult brain, neurogenesis is mainly localized in two specialized niches: the subventricular zone adjacent to the lateral ventricles and the subgranular zone of the dentate gyrus. An increasing body of evidence indicates that adult neurogenesis is tightly controlled by environmental conditions with the niches. In recent studies, exosomes released from different sources of cells were shown to play an active role in regulating neurogenesis both in vitro and in vivo, thereby participating in the progression of neurodegenerative disorders in patients and in various disease models. Here, we provide a state-of-the-art synopsis of existing research that aimed to identify the diverse components of exosome cargoes and elucidate the therapeutic potential of exosomal contents in the regulation of neurogenesis in several neurodegenerative diseases. We emphasize that exosomal cargoes could serve as a potential biomarker to monitor functional neurogenesis in adults. In addition, exosomes can also be considered as a novel therapeutic approach to treat various neurodegenerative disorders by improving endogenous neurogenesis to mitigate neuronal loss in the central nervous system.

Key words: adult neurogenesis, Alzheimer’s disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, exosome, Huntington’s disease, neurodegenerative disease, neurogenic niches, Parkinson’s disease