中国神经再生研究(英文版) ›› 2025, Vol. 20 ›› Issue (9): 2611-2623.doi: 10.4103/NRR.NRR-D-23-01772

• 原著:脑损伤修复保护与再生 • 上一篇    下一篇

大剂量地塞米松调控创伤性脑损伤后小胶质细胞的极化

  

  • 出版日期:2025-09-15 发布日期:2024-12-29

High-dose dexamethasone regulates microglial polarization via the GR/JAK1/STAT3 signaling pathway after traumatic brain injury

Mengshi Yang1, #, Miao Bai2, #, Yuan Zhuang1 , Shenghua Lu1 , Qianqian Ge1 , Hao Li1 , Yu Deng1 , Hongbin Wu1 , Xiaojian Xu3 , Fei Niu3 , Xinlong Dong1, 3, Bin Zhang4, *, Baiyun Liu1, 3, 5, *   

  1. 1 Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China;  2 Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Tsinghua University, Beijing, China;  3 Department of Neurotrauma and Beijing Key Laboratory of Central Nervous System Injury, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China;  4 Department of Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China;  5 Center for Nerve Injury and Repair, Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China
  • Online:2025-09-15 Published:2024-12-29
  • Contact: Bin Zhang, MD, victorbin922@163.com; Baiyun Liu, MD, liubaiyun1212@163.com.
  • Supported by:
    This work was supported by research grants from the Ningbo Science and Technology Plan Project, No. 2022Z143hezuo (to BL) and the National Natural Science Foundation of China, No. 82201520 (to XD).

摘要: 尽管小胶质细胞极化和神经炎症是创伤性脑损伤后的关键细胞反应,但其基本调控和功能机制仍未得到充分理解。作为强效抗炎药,糖皮质激素在创伤性脑损伤中的应用仍存在争议,其对小胶质细胞极化的调控作用尚不明显。为了解大剂量地塞米松(DEX)导致的创伤性脑损伤加重是否与其对小胶质细胞极化的调节作用及其作用机制有关,实验利用体外BV2细胞和原代小胶质细胞以及皮质撞击致伤小鼠模型来研究大剂量地塞米松对小胶质细胞极化的影响。结果发现,(1)创伤性脑损伤后应用地塞米松在小鼠损伤侧的皮质和海马中,M2型小胶质细胞的标记物Arg1的表达显著下调。(2)神经炎症反应是地塞米松应用后主要富集的通路。(3)在炎症反应的条件下,地塞米松会抑制小鼠小胶质细胞BV2和原代小胶质细胞的极化。(4)地塞米松通过GR/JAK1/STAT3信号通路降低创伤性脑损伤后Arg1的表达水平,即抑制了以抗炎作用为主的M2型小胶质细胞的极化。并且该通路与细胞凋亡,神经元死亡和树突棘的密度相关。(5)抑制上述通路的激活,可以改善颅脑外伤后应用地塞米松的神经损伤效果。以上结果表明,大剂量地塞米松通过GR/JAK1/STAT3信号通路抑制颅脑创伤后M2型小胶质细胞极化。该研究为大剂量糖皮质激素的应用造成颅脑创伤预后不良的原因提供了可能的解释

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6857-8886 (Bin Zhang); https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8204-2623 (Baiyun Liu)


Abstract: Although microglial polarization and neuroinflammation are crucial cellular responses after traumatic brain injury, the fundamental regulatory and functional mechanisms remain insufficiently understood. As potent anti-inflammatory agents, the use of glucocorticoids in traumatic brain injury is still controversial, and their regulatory effects on microglial polarization are not yet known. In the present study, we sought to determine whether exacerbation of traumatic brain injury caused by high-dose dexamethasone is related to its regulatory effects on microglial polarization and its mechanisms of action. In vitro cultured BV2 cells and primary microglia and a controlled cortical impact mouse model were used to investigate the effects of dexamethasone on microglial polarization. Lipopolysaccharide, dexamethasone, RU486 (a glucocorticoid receptor antagonist), and ruxolitinib (a Janus kinase 1 antagonist) were administered. RNA-sequencing data obtained from a C57BL/6 mouse model of traumatic brain injury were used to identify potential targets of dexamethasone. The Morris water maze, quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, western blotting, immunofluorescence and confocal microscopy analysis, and TUNEL, Nissl, and Golgi staining were performed to investigate our hypothesis. High-throughput sequencing results showed that arginase 1, a marker of M2 microglia, was significantly downregulated in the dexamethasone group compared with the traumatic brain injury group at 3 days post–traumatic brain injury. Thus dexamethasone inhibited M1 and M2 microglia, with a more pronounced inhibitory effect on M2 microglia in vitro and in vivo. Glucocorticoid receptor plays an indispensable role in microglial polarization after dexamethasone treatment following traumatic brain injury. Additionally, glucocorticoid receptor activation increased the number of apoptotic cells and neuronal death, and also decreased the density of dendritic spines. A possible downstream receptor signaling mechanism is the GR/JAK1/STAT3 pathway. Overactivation of glucocorticoid receptor by high-dose dexamethasone reduced the expression of M2 microglia, which plays an antiinflammatory role. In contrast, inhibiting the activation of glucocorticoid receptor reduced the number of apoptotic glia and neurons and decreased the loss of dendritic spines after traumatic brain injury. Dexamethasone may exert its neurotoxic effects by inhibiting M2 microglia through the GR/JAK1/STAT3 signaling pathway.

Key words: apoptosis,  BV2 microglia,  dexamethasone,  glucocorticoid receptor,  glucocorticoids,  innate immune system,  microglial polarization,   neuroinflammation,  primary microglia,  traumatic brain injury