中国神经再生研究(英文版) ›› 2025, Vol. 20 ›› Issue (5): 1336-1349.doi: 10.4103/NRR.NRR-D-24-00055

• 综述:神经损伤修复保护与再生 • 上一篇    下一篇

中枢神经系统中成熟少突胶质细胞的异质性

  

  • 出版日期:2025-05-15 发布日期:2024-10-29

Heterogeneity of mature oligodendrocytes in the central nervous system

Chao Weng1, 2, *, # , Adam M.R. Groh1, # , Moein Yaqubi 1 , Qiao-Ling Cui 1 , Jo Anne Stratton1 , G. R. Wayne Moore1 , Jack P. Antel 1, *   

  1. 1 Neuroimmunology Unit, Montreal Neurological Instttute-Hospital, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada;
    2 Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
  • Online:2025-05-15 Published:2024-10-29
  • Contact: Jack P. Antel, MD, jack.antel@mcgill.ca; Chao Weng, MD, PhD, wengch@whu.edu.cn.
  • Supported by:

    This study was supported by a grant from the Progressive MS Alliance (BRAVE in MS) and Le Grand Portage fund.

摘要:

成熟的少突胶质细胞形成的髓鞘对中枢神经系统中轴突的绝缘和有效的信号传输至关重要。最近的证据挑战了成熟少突胶质细胞功能静态的传统观点,揭示了其各种动态功能,如调节神经元回路和为轴突提供代谢支持的能力。尽管人们认识到了成熟少突胶质细胞功能的潜在异质性,但却缺乏对成熟少突胶质细胞多样性的全面总结。我们深入研究了罗伯逊(Robertson)和德里奥-霍尔特加(de Río Hortega)在 20 世纪早期的研究,这些研究为现代识别成熟少突胶质细胞的区域和形态异质性奠定了基础。事实上,最近的形态学和功能学研究通过鉴定具有不同髓鞘化偏好的独特亚型,对长期以来假定的成熟少突胶质细胞功能的同质性提出了质疑。此外,利用单细胞/RNA 测序等技术进行的现代分子研究,不断揭示出人类中枢神经系统中至少有六种成熟少突胶质细胞亚群,这些亚群在转录组学上高度多样化,并随中枢神经系统区域的不同而变化。与年龄和疾病相关的成熟少突胶质细胞变异表明了多发性硬化症、阿尔茨海默病和精神疾病等病理条件的影响。尽管如此,在对成熟少突胶质细胞进行亚分类时仍需谨慎,因为从时间限制的研究中得出细胞特征的结论需要简化。利用空间转录组学和单细胞蛋白质组学等先进技术进行的未来研究有望对成熟少突胶质细胞的异质性有更细致的了解。通过这些研究途径,可以精确评估成熟少突胶质细胞的异质性,了解物种、性别、中枢神经系统区域、年龄和疾病等因素的影响,为开发针对不同中枢神经系统病理的治疗干预措施带来希望。

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5148-0636 (Jack P. Antel); https://orcid.org/0009-0003-2916-1174 (Chao Weng) 

Abstract:

Mature oligodendrocytes form myelin sheaths that are crucial for the insulation of axons and efficient signal transmission in the central nervous system. Recent evidence has challenged the classical view of the functionally static mature oligodendrocyte and revealed a gamut of dynamic functions such as the ability to modulate neuronal circuitry and provide metabolic support to axons. Despite the recognition of potential heterogeneity in mature oligodendrocyte function, a comprehensive summary of mature oligodendrocyte diversity is lacking. We delve into early 20th-century studies by Robertson and de Río Hortega that laid the foundation for the modern identification of regional and morphological heterogeneity in mature oligodendrocytes. Indeed, recent morphologic and functional studies call into question the long-assumed homogeneity of mature oligodendrocyte function through the identification of distinct subtypes with varying myelination preferences. Furthermore, modern molecular investigations, employing techniques such as single cell/nucleus RNA sequencing, consistently unveil at least six mature oligodendrocyte subpopulations in the human central nervous system that are highly transcriptomically diverse and vary with central nervous system region. Age and disease related mature oligodendrocyte variation denotes the impact of pathological conditions such as multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer's disease, and psychiatric disorders. Nevertheless, caution is warranted when subclassifying mature oligodendrocytes because of the simplification needed to make conclusions about cell identity from temporally confined investigations. Future studies leveraging advanced techniques like spatial transcriptomics and single-cell proteomics promise a more nuanced understanding of mature oligodendrocyte heterogeneity. Such research avenues that precisely evaluate mature oligodendrocyte heterogeneity with care to understand the mitigating influence of species, sex, central nervous system region, age, and disease, hold promise for the development of therapeutic interventions targeting varied central nervous system pathology. 

Key words: aging, central nervous system diseases, electron microscopy, heterogeneity, immunohistochemistry, myelin sheath, natural history, neuroglia, oligodendroglia, singlecell gene expression analysis