中国神经再生研究(英文版) ›› 2026, Vol. 21 ›› Issue (3): 837-854.doi: 10.4103/NRR.NRR-D-24-01639

• 综述:脑损伤修复保护与再生 •    下一篇

人脑类器官:复杂、多功能且与人类相关的神经发育和脑部疾病模型

  

  • 出版日期:2026-03-15 发布日期:2025-06-30

Human cerebral organoids: Complex, versatile, and human-relevant models of neural development and brain diseases

Raquel Coronel1, #, Rosa González-Sastre1, 2, 3, #, Patricia Mateos-Martínez1, 2, 3, #, Laura Maeso2 , Elena Llorente-Beneyto1, 2, 3, Sabela Martín-Benito1, 2, 3, Viviana S. Costa Gagosian4 , Leonardo Foti4 , Ma Carmen González-Caballero5 , Victoria López-Alonso2, *, Isabel Liste1, *   

  1. 1 Unidad de Regeneración Neural, Unidad Funcional de Investigación de Enfermedades Crónicas (UFIEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Majadahonda (Madrid), Spain;  2 Unidad de Biología Computacional, Unidad Funcional de Investigación de Enfermedades Crónicas (UFIEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Majadahonda (Madrid), Spain;  3 Doctoranda en la Escuela Internacional de Doctorado de la Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia (UNED), Programa en Ciencias Biomédicas y Salud Pública, Madrid, Spain;  4 Graduate Program in Biosciences and Biotechnology, Laboratory of Trypanosomatids Molecular and Systemic Biology, Carlos Chagas Institute (ICC) - Fiocruz Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil;  5 Unidad de Evaluación de Riesgo, Centro Nacional de Sanidad Ambiental (CNSA), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Majadahonda (Madrid), Spain
  • Online:2026-03-15 Published:2025-06-30
  • Contact: Isabel Liste, PhD, iliste@isciii.es; Victoria López-Alonso, PhD, victorialopez@isciii.es.
  • Supported by:
    This work was supported by the Grant PID2021-126715OB-I00 financed by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and “ERDF A way of making Europe”, by the Grant PI22CIII/00055 funded by Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), and the UFIECPY 398/19 (PEJ2018-004965) grant to RGS funded by AEI (Spain), the UFIECPY-396/19 (PEJ2018-004961) grant financed by MCIN (Spain) and FI23CIII/00003 grant funded by ISCIII-PFIS (Spain) to PMM, the UFIECPY 328/22 (PEJ-2021-TL/BMD-21001) grant to LM financed by CAM (Spain), and the grant by CAPES (Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel), through the PDSE program (Programa de Doutorado Sanduíche no Exterior), to VSCG financed by MEC (Brazil).

摘要: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3294-9558 (Isabel Liste); https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8129-8352 (Victoria López-Alonso)

Abstract: The brain is the most complex human organ, and commonly used models, such as two-dimensionalcell cultures and animal brains, often lack the sophistication needed to accurately use in research. In this context, human cerebral organoids have emerged as valuable tools offering a more complex, versatile, and human-relevant system than traditional animal models, which are often unable to replicate the intricate architecture and functionality of the human brain. Since human cerebral organoids are a state-of-the-art model for the study of neurodevelopment and different pathologies affecting the brain, this field is currently under constant development, and work in this area is abundant. In this review, we give a complete overview of human cerebral organoids technology, starting from the different types of protocols that exist to generate different human cerebral organoids. We continue with the use of brain organoids for the study of brain pathologies, highlighting neurodevelopmental, psychiatric, neurodegenerative, brain tumor, and infectious diseases. Because of the potential value of human cerebral organoids, we describe their use in transplantation, drug screening, and toxicology assays. We also discuss the technologies available to study cell diversity and physiological characteristics of organoids. Finally, we summarize the limitations that currently exist in the field, such as the development of vasculature and microglia, and highlight some of the novel approaches being pursued through bioengineering.

Key words: assembloids,  , bioengineering,  , challenges,  , disease modeling,  , drug screening and toxicology,  , human brain organoids,  , human pluripotent stem cells,  , neurodegenerative diseases,  , neurodevelopment,  , vascularization