中国神经再生研究(英文版) ›› 2026, Vol. 21 ›› Issue (9): 4406-4423.doi: 10.4103/NRR.NRR-D-25-00184

• 原著:退行性病与再生 • 上一篇    下一篇

阿尔茨海默病遗传和通路的复杂性:免疫反应与线粒体功能多组学数据启示

  

  • 出版日期:2026-09-15 发布日期:2026-05-22
  • 基金资助:

Genetic and pathway complexity in Alzheimer’s disease: Insights from multi-omic data about the immune response and mitochondrial function

Xuan Xu1, *, Jiang Li2, Fei Wang3, Ke Xue1, Junwen He4, Xiangyu Meng5, Yin Shen6, *   

  1. 1School of Life Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui Province, China; 
    2Clinical Big Data Research Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China; 
    3School of Basic Medical Science, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui Province, China; 
    4College of Informatics, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China; 
    5Health Science Center, Hubei Minzu University, Enshi, Hubei Province, China; 
    6School of Biomedical Engineering, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui Province, China
  • Online:2026-09-15 Published:2026-05-22
  • Contact: Xuan Xu, PhD, xuxuan@ahmu.edu.cn; Yin Shen, PhD, shenyin@ahmu.edu.cn.
  • Supported by:
    This study was supported by the Research Fund for Natural Science Foundation of Anhui Province, No. 2508085QC099 (to XX).

摘要:

阿尔茨海默病的遗传学和生物学特征目前仍未得到充分阐明。作为开发有效治疗策略以延缓或预防阿尔茨海默病发病的关键第一步,识别相关遗传标志物至关重要。此研究通过基因集富集分析、机器学习算法及多基因风险评分,对ADNI、ROSMAP、MSBB和Mayo四大阿尔茨海默病队列的转录组学和多组学数据集进行分析,以识别与阿尔茨海默病风险及病理特征相关的基因集。对于优先筛选出的基因集,开展了全基因组范围的表观遗传关联研究以评估DNA甲基化模式,并采用多组学介导分析来探讨基因调控网络的因果关系。(1)识别出多个与阿尔茨海默病病理相关的关键基因集,特别是与免疫系统功能和线粒体功能障碍相关的基因集。(2)上调的通路,包括中性粒细胞脱颗粒和肿瘤坏死因子α信号传导通路,与阿尔茨海默病中的神经炎症特征密切相关。下调的氧化磷酸化通路进一步提示线粒体功能障碍。(3)包含线粒体定位基因(如SGK1和LRRK1)的基因集被识别为显著贡献于神经退行性变,而CXCL1,TGFB2和DUSP1等基因在所有数据集中均被一致识别,强调了它们在免疫调节和线粒体功能中的作用。(4)研究突出的概述了多模式干预代表开发阿尔茨海默病遗传架构的有用步骤,扩展了对与疾病易感性相关的基因空间相互作用的理解。线粒体功能障碍和免疫调节是阿尔茨海默病中病理通路的汇聚点,是未来治疗的新选择。


https://orcid.org/0009-0008-6525-7735 (Xuan Xu); https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7002-4022 (Yin Shen)

关键词: 阿尔茨海默病lDNA甲基化l表观遗传学l基因调控网络l机器学习l线粒体功能障碍l多组学分析l神经再生l神经炎症

Abstract: Despite recent developments, the genetics and biology of Alzheimer’s disease remain insufficiently characterized. As an important first step toward developing effective treatment strategies to slow or prevent Alzheimer’s disease onset, the identification of relevant genetic markers is crucial. In the present study, we analyzed transcriptomic and multi-omic datasets across multiple cohorts (the Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative, Religious Orders Study and Rush Memory and Aging Project, Mount Sinai Brain Bank, and Mayo Clinic Alzheimer’s Disease Genetics Studies) using gene set enrichment analysis, machine learning algorithms, and polygenic risk scoring to identify gene sets relevant to Alzheimer’s disease risk and pathological features. For prioritized gene sets, we performed epigenome-wide association studies to assess DNA methylation patterns, and used multi-omic mediation analysis to characterize the causal gene regulatory networks. Overall, we identified several key gene sets relevant to Alzheimer’s disease pathology—particularly, those related to immune system function and mitochondrial dysfunction. Upregulated pathways, including neutrophil degranulation and tumor necrosis factor-α signaling pathways, correlated strongly with aspects of neuroinflammation in Alzheimer’s disease. By contrast, downregulated oxidative phosphorylation pathways further suggested mitochondrial dysfunction. Gene sets that contained mitochondrially located genes (e.g., SGK1 and LRRK1) were identified as significantly contributing to neurodegeneration. Moreover, genes such as CXCL1, TGFB2, and DUSP1 were consistently implicated in all datasets, thus emphasizing their involvement in immune modulation and mitochondrial function. The multimodal investigation outlined in the current study represents useful steps toward comprehending the genetic architecture of Alzheimer’s disease, including an expanded understanding of the spatial interactions of genes associated with disease susceptibility. Mitochondrial dysfunction and immune modulation were pathological pathways that converged on Alzheimer’s disease and future treatment novel options. Using the frameworks provided in the current comprehensive study, we present opportunities to explore targeted treatment strategies that may alter immune systems and mitochondrial function to optimize treatment outcomes for individuals at increased risk of or living with Alzheimer’s disease. 

Key words: Alzheimer’s diseasel DNA methylationl epigeneticl gene regulatory networksl machine learningl mitochondrial dysfunctionl multi-omics analysisl nerve regenerationl neuroinflammation