中国神经再生研究(英文版) ›› 2015, Vol. 10 ›› Issue (10): 1584-1585.doi: 10.4103/1673-5374.165287

• 观点:退行性病与再生 • 上一篇    下一篇

SEM技术观察实验性自身免疫性脑脊髓炎:脱髓鞘、髓鞘及轴突形态变化更准确

  

  • 收稿日期:2015-07-06 出版日期:2015-10-28 发布日期:2015-10-28
  • 基金资助:

    该项研究由日本旭川医科大学和秋山纪念基金会支持

Myelin morphology and axon pathology in demyelination during experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis

Yoshio Bando*   

  1. Department of Functional Anatomy and Neuroscience, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa 078-8510, Japan
  • Received:2015-07-06 Online:2015-10-28 Published:2015-10-28
  • Contact: Yoshio Bando, Ph.D.,ybando@asahikawa-med.ac.jp.
  • Supported by:

    This work was supported by Asahikawa Medical University and Akiyama Memorial Foundation.

摘要:

中枢系统中,少突胶质细胞通过环绕轴突和持续的跳跃式传导促使髓鞘形成。少突胶质细胞以及神经周围髓鞘的破损就被称为脱髓鞘。多发性硬化症是中枢神经系统下一种炎症性脱髓鞘疾病,以免疫介导疾病为特征。虽然各种遗传或非遗传引发如病毒性感染、新陈代谢或环境因素都与多发性硬化症的发病机制相关,但是引起该疾病的主要因素却尚未可知。到目前为止,普遍认同的说法是中枢神经细胞中免疫细胞攻击有髓轴突会引发脱髓鞘和轴突变性。为了进一步了解中枢神经系统脱髓鞘和轴突变性的病理,我们在不同的动物模型中模拟某些多发性硬化症的特征,并进行神经病病理学和组织学研究是有必要的。实验性自身免疫性脑脊髓炎是研究人类多发性硬化症不同方面而普遍使用的动物疾病模型。环已酮二宗诱导的小鼠模型已经被普遍用于研究脱髓鞘以及髓鞘再生。但是,它并不能等同于研究脑血屏障破坏或周围免疫细胞进入中枢神经系统的模式。我们实验室着重在两个不同的模型中模拟髓鞘形态以及轴突变性:一个是髓鞘少突胶质细胞糖蛋白诱发的实验性自身免疫性脑脊髓炎模型,另一个是环己酮二宗诱发的脱髓鞘模型。但这两个模型无法在脱髓鞘状态下完全了解髓鞘形态。因此,我们首先使用扫描电子显微镜探测实验动物模型在脱髓鞘初期的髓鞘和轴突的超微结构异常变化,在膜结构如髓鞘方面的可视化效果良好。

Abstract:

In the central nervous system (CNS), oligodendrocytes are responsible for myelination by wrapping around the axon and maintaining saltatory conduction. Damage to oligodendrocytes and the myelin sheath around nerves is termed demyelination. Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory demyelinating disease in the CNS characterized by immune-mediated disease, with autoimmune responses against myelin antigens and inflammation contributing to the pathogenesis of demyelination in the CNS. Although various genetic and/or non-genetic triggers such as viral infections, metabolism, or environmental factors have been associated with the pathogenesis of MS, the major cause of the disease remains unknown. To date, it is widely accepted that immune cells attack myelinated axons in the CNS, followed by demyelination and axonal degeneration. For instance, activated autoreactive T cells and myelin-specific T cells can facilitate the recruitment of macrophages by producing various cytokines and chemokines. Infiltrating inflammatory cells are activated within the CNS and interact with other immune cells and neuronal cells, resulting in oligodendroglial cell death-mediated demyelination, glial cell activation and axonal degeneration. Therefore, it has been suggested that demyelination and oligodendroglial cell death in MS is passively induced by infiltrating immune cells.