中国神经再生研究(英文版) ›› 2024, Vol. 19 ›› Issue (2): 246-254.doi: 10.4103/1673-5374.379039

• 综述:脑损伤修复保护与再生 • 上一篇    下一篇

大脑新皮质投射神经元正常发育及其功能异常相关的转录调控机制

  

  • 出版日期:2024-02-15 发布日期:2023-08-29
  • 基金资助:
    广东省基础与应用基础研究基金

Transcriptional regulation in the development and dysfunction of neocortical projection neurons

Ningxin Wang#, Rong Wan#, Ke Tang*   

  1. Precise Genome Engineering Center, School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
  • Online:2024-02-15 Published:2023-08-29
  • Contact: Ke Tang, PhD, tangke@gzhu.edu.cn.
  • Supported by:
    This work was supported by Guangdong Provincial Basic and Applied Basic Research Fund, No. 2021A1515011299 (to KT).

摘要:

哺乳动物大脑新皮质负责感觉信息整合、运动协调和高级认知等重要功能。新皮质主要包含两大类神经元:谷氨酸能兴奋性投射神经元和γ-氨基丁酸能抑制性中间神经元;然而,投射神经元及其相关兴奋性神经环路发育或功能异常导致神经系统疾病的神经病理机制尚不完全清楚。文章首先描述了脑新皮层解剖学上的轴突投射特征。其次,总结了从神经干细胞在皮质产生神经元的直接或间接模式。紧接着,聚焦内在的转录调控机制,概括了Pax6,Tbr2, Tbr1,Fezf2,Ctip2,Ctip1,Sox5,COUP-TFI,Satb2等重要转录因子基因不仅在从神经干细胞到成熟皮质投射神经元的发育过程中表现出各自特有的动态时空表达模式;而且,还分别在神经干细胞、中间神经前体细胞、分化中的神经元、或成熟的神经元等不同发育阶段发挥重要的特殊功能,保证相关类型皮质投射神经元的特化与分化。最后,汇总了基因突变相关的临床观察和小鼠动物模型研究的最新进展:PAX6,TBR2,TBR1,CTIP2,CTIP1,SOX5,COUP-TFI,SATB2等基因突变导致新皮质投射神经元发育与功能异常,是引起神经系统发育相关疾病,如智力障碍和孤独症谱系障碍等较普遍的神经病理机制。此外,文章也对未来大脑新皮质投射神经元发育研究方向和未解决的科学问题进行了展望。

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0516-4667 (Ke Tang)

Abstract: Glutamatergic projection neurons generate sophisticated excitatory circuits to integrate and transmit information among different cortical areas, and between the neocortex and other regions of the brain and spinal cord. Appropriate development of cortical projection neurons is regulated by certain essential events such as neural fate determination, proliferation, specification, differentiation, migration, survival, axonogenesis, and synaptogenesis. These processes are precisely regulated in a tempo-spatial manner by intrinsic factors, extrinsic signals, and neural activities. The generation of correct subtypes and precise connections of projection neurons is imperative not only to support the basic cortical functions (such as sensory information integration, motor coordination, and cognition) but also to prevent the onset and progression of neurodevelopmental disorders (such as intellectual disability, autism spectrum disorders, anxiety, and depression). This review mainly focuses on the recent progress of transcriptional regulations on the development and diversity of neocortical projection neurons and the clinical relevance of the failure of transcriptional modulations.

Key words: autism spectrum disorders, cognition, differentiation, excitatory circuits, intellectual disability, neocortex, neurodevelopmental disorders, projection neuron, specification, transcriptional regulation