中国神经再生研究(英文版) ›› 2025, Vol. 20 ›› Issue (5): 1258-1276.doi: 10.4103/NRR.NRR-D-23-01766

• 综述:神经损伤修复保护与再生 • 上一篇    下一篇

神经细胞中的钾和钙通道:神经系统疾病的治疗靶点

  

  • 出版日期:2025-05-15 发布日期:2024-10-29
  • 基金资助:
    国家自然科学基金项目(81901098、82201668)和福建省卫生科技项目(2021QNA072)

Potassium and calcium channels in different nerve cells act as therapeutic targets in neurological disorders

Qing Qiu1, 2, # , Mengttng Yang1, 2, # , Danfeng Gong1, 2 , Haiying Liang3, * , Tingttng Chen1, 2, *   

  1. 1 Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China;  2 Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Inffammatton and Molecular Drug Target, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China;  3 Department of Pharmacy, Longyan First Afffliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Longyan, Fujian Province, China
  • Online:2025-05-15 Published:2024-10-29
  • Contact: Tingttng Chen, PhD, cttrose@ntu.edu.cn; Haiying Liang, PhD, 15950481671@163.com.
  • Supported by:
    This work was supported by the Nattonal Natural Science Foundatton of China, Nos. 81901098 (to TC), 82201668 (to HL); Fujian Provincial Health Technology Project, No. 2021QNA072 (to HL)

摘要:

中枢神经系统(CNS)是体内信息整合的中枢,主要由神经元和神经胶质细胞组成。神经元和神经胶质细胞作为多种不同的神经细胞群,在中枢神经系统(CNS)发育、功能和疾病中发挥着重要作用。神经细胞的表达、结构和功能可能导致神经和神经退行性疾病的发生和发展。离子通道参与神经细胞的功能。钾离子(K+)是分布最广泛的一类离子,其功能主要通过细胞膜上的钾通道实现。钾通道的突变和功能障碍与神经系统和神经退行性疾病密切相关,包括癫痫、帕金森病(PD)、精神分裂症等。电压门控钙通道(CaV)是跨膜蛋白,通过膜电位去极化激活。钙通道的突变及其功能失调与多种疾病有关,包括许多脑部疾病。因此,针对这些相关的离子通道,对神经系统疾病的各种药物进行深入的探索,有望为这些疾病的治疗提供更多治疗方向。此综述详细介绍了不同神经细胞中的钾和钙离子通道的分子机制,以及钾和钙离子通道在这些神经元细胞中涉及的神经系统疾病,如PDAD、抑郁症、癫痫、自闭症和罕见疾病等。相应地,针对这些相关的离子通道,对治疗神经系统疾病的各种药物进行了深入探索,该文带来的启示:离子通道是治疗神经系统疾病的有效靶点,但通过钾离子或钙离子(新型特异性离子通道调节剂)真正改善这些疾病的临床药物并不多,开发针对神经系统的新型特异性离子通道调节剂,或可有效提高该类疾病治愈率。

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8728-2335 (Tingttng Chen); https://orcid.org/0009-0001-0057-6187 (Haiying Liang)

Abstract:

The central nervous system, information integration center of the body, is mainly composed of neurons and glial cells. The neuron is one of the most basic and important structural and functional units of the central nervous system, with sensory stimulation and excitation conduction functions. Astrocytes and microglia belong to the glial cell family, which is the main source of cytokines and represents the main defense system of the central nervous system. Nerve cells undergo neurotransmission or gliotransmission, which regulates neuronal activity via the ion channels, receptors, or transporters expressed on nerve cell membranes. Ion channels, composed of large transmembrane proteins, play crucial roles in maintaining nerve cell homeostasis. These channels are also important for control of the membrane potential and in the secretion of neurotransmitters. A variety of cellular functions and life activities, including functional regulation of the central nervous system, the generation and conduction of nerve excitation, the occurrence of receptor potential, heart pulsation, smooth muscle peristalsis, skeletal muscle contraction, and hormone secretion, are closely related to ion channels associated with passive transmembrane transport. Two types of ion channels in the central nervous system, potassium channels and calcium channels, are closely related to various neurological disorders, including Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, and epilepsy. Accordingly, various drugs that can affect these ion channels have been explored deeply to provide new directions for the treatment of these neurological disorders. In this review, we focus on the functions of potassium and calcium ion channels in different nerve cells and their involvement in neurological disorders such as Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease, depression, epilepsy, autism, and rare disorders. We also describe several clinical drugs that target potassium or calcium channels in nerve cells and could be used to treat these disorders. We concluded that there are few clinical drugs that can improve the pathology these diseases by acting on potassium or calcium ions. Although a few novel ion-channel-specific modulators have been discovered, meaningful therapies have largely not yet been realized. The lack of target-specific drugs, their requirement to cross the blood–brain barrier, and their exact underlying mechanisms all need further attention. This review aims to explain the urgent problems that need research progress and provide comprehensive information aiming to arouse the research community’s interest in the development of ion channel-targeting drugs and the identification of new therapeutic targets for that can increase the cure rate of nervous system diseases and reduce the occurrence of adverse reactions in other systems.

Key words: astrocytes, calcium channels, central nervous system, extracellular ion concentration, microglia, neurological disorders, neurons, potassium channels