中国神经再生研究(英文版)

中国神经再生研究(英文版) ›› 2026, Vol. 21 ›› Issue (8): 3387-3410.doi: 10.4103/NRR.NRR-D-25-00274

• 综述:退行性病与再生 • 上一篇    下一篇

神经退行性疾病与免疫：从致病机制到治疗

  

  • 出版日期:2026-08-18 发布日期:2026-04-25

Neurodegenerative diseases and immune system: From pathogenic mechanism to therapy

Yun Chen1, #, Ping Yin2, #, Qianqian Chen2, Yangyang Zhang3, Yangyi Tang4, Weifeng Jin3, *, Li Yu1, 2, 5, *   

  1. 1The Fourth School of Clinical Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou First People’s Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China; 
    2School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China; 
    3School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China; 
    4The First School of Clinical Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China; 
    5Key Laboratory of Drug Safety Evaluation and Research of Zhejiang Province, Center of Safety Evaluation and Research, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
  • Online:2026-08-18 Published:2026-04-25
  • Contact: Li Yu, PhD, yuli9119@126.com; Weifeng Jin, PhD, jin_weifeng@126.com.
  • Supported by:
    This work was supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province of China, Nos. LZYQ25H270001 (to LY), LY24H270007 (to WJ); Zhejiang Province Traditional Chinese Medicine Science and Technology Plan Project, No. 2023ZR011 (to LY); China Postdoctoral Science Foundation, No. 2023TQ0295 (to LY); Postdoctoral Research Projects Merit-based Funding in Zhejiang Province (First-class funding), No. ZJ2023021 (to LY); and Xinmiao Talents Project of Zhejiang Province, No. 2024R410A022 (to YC).

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摘要：

神经退行性疾病是一类以中枢神经系统和周围神经系统逐渐退化为特征的疾病。因此，进一步阐明神经退行性疾病的机制并寻找有效的新疗法至关重要。近年来，越来越多的证据表明，免疫系统在神经退行性疾病的病理生理学中发挥着重要作用，并调节这一过程。中枢神经系统和周围神经系统在疾病进展中发挥着不同的作用。神经退行性疾病的发生发展受两者相互作用的影响。本综述重点探讨免疫系统（包括小胶质细胞介导的核苷酸结合寡聚化域样受体蛋白3炎症激活及T细胞介导的神经炎症）通过调节蛋白质聚集和血脑屏障通透性与神经退行性疾病的相互作用机制。此外，特别关注以胶质细胞为中心的多细胞相互作用及炎症信号通路。深入理解免疫系统的功能和细胞相互作用对于推进疾病研究至关重要。此外，这些免疫细胞的功能和机制也为治疗提供了新的思路和靶点。因此，此综述总结了针对淀粉样β蛋白、tau蛋白、神经炎症、α-突触核蛋白、相关微生物群、免疫调节和神经修复等现有治疗策略。此外，还总结并比较了不同常见神经退行性疾病的动物模型及临床研究进展。基于当前研究现状，提出了新的研究方向和建议。


https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4133-5483 (Li Yu); https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9222-8819 (Weifeng Jin)

关键词: 阿尔茨海默病, 肌萎缩侧索硬化症, 免疫系统, 多发性硬化症, 神经退行性疾病, 帕金森病, 致病机制, 神经再生

Abstract: Neurodegenerative diseases are a class of disorders with the gradual loss of the central nervous system and peripheral nervous system. Neurodegenerative diseases manifest primarily as cognitive and behavioral disorders that adversely affect the lives of millions of people worldwide. Therefore, it is necessary to elucidate the mechanism of neurodegenerative diseases further and find effective new therapies. In recent years, increasing evidence has shown that the immune system plays a significant role in the pathophysiology of neurodegenerative diseases and regulates this process. The central and peripheral immune systems exert different roles in the disease progression. The development of neurodegenerative diseases is influenced by interactions between them. This review focuses on how the immune system, including microglia mediated nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor protein 3 inflammation activation and T cell-mediated neuroinflammation, interactions with neurodegenerative diseases by modulating protein aggregation and blood–brain barrier permeability. Besides, we gave particular attention to glial cell-centered multicellular interactions and the inflammatory signaling pathway. Insight into the immune system’s functions and cellular interactions is essential for progressing disease research. In addition, the functions and mechanisms of these immune cells also suggest new ideas and targets for treatment. Therefore, this review summarizes some of the existing treatment strategies for amyloid-beta, tau, neuroinflammation, α-synuclein, associated microbiota, immune modulation, and neural injury repair. In addition, this review summarizes and compares animal models of different common neurodegenerative diseases and clinical research progress. In view of the current research status, new research directions and suggestions are proposed.

Key words: Alzheimer’s disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, immune system, multiple sclerosis, neurodegenerative diseases, Parkinson’s disease, pathogenic mechanism