中国神经再生研究(英文版) ›› 2021, Vol. 16 ›› Issue (10): 1973-1977.doi: 10.4103/1673-5374.308076

• 综述:退行性病与再生 • 上一篇    下一篇

纤溶酶原激活系统对阿尔茨海默病发病机制的作用

  

  • 出版日期:2021-10-15 发布日期:2021-03-18

The plasminogen activating system in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease

Manuel Yepes1, 2, 3, *    

  1. 1Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA; 2Department of Neurology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Atlanta, GA, USA; 3Division of Neuropharmacology and Neurologic Diseases, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, GA, USA
  • Online:2021-10-15 Published:2021-03-18
  • Contact: Manuel Yepes, MD, myepes@emory.edu.
  • Supported by:
    This work was supported in part by National Institutes of Health Grant NS-NS091201 (to MY) and VA MERIT Award IO1BX003441 (to MY).

摘要:

Neural Regen Res:尿激酶型纤溶酶原激活物:预防阿尔茨海默病患者认知功能减退的潜在候选者

纤溶酶原激活(PA)系统是一种酶联级联反应,可通过两种丝氨酸蛋白酶催化纤溶酶原转化为纤溶酶来触发血纤蛋白降解:组织型纤溶酶原激活物(tPA)和尿激酶型纤溶酶原激活物(uPA)。研究表明,tPAuPA参与了阿尔茨海默病(AD)的发病机制。tPA对于突触可塑性的发育和血脑屏障通透性的调控至关重要,而uPA则可以诱导神经发生。通过不需要纤溶酶生成或Aβ纤维裂解的机制,从大脑皮质神经元的突触前末端的活性依赖释放uPA可保护突触免受可溶性Aβ的损伤。

来自美国埃默里大学耶克斯国家灵长类动物研究中心的Manuel Yepes团队发现在发育中的大脑中,uPA在成熟中枢神经系统中的释放可以活化星形细胞,并在不同形式的损伤后促进轴突和突触的恢复。重要的是,位于突触前和后末端的突触囊泡中的uPA可以通过钙依赖性机制释放出来。Yepes团队最近的研究表明uPAAD发病的早期发挥作用,其机制独立于纤溶酶诱导的Aβ斑块裂解,并且研究者们基于以往研究提出:增加突触中uPA的表达可能是预防AD患者认知功能下降的一种潜在的治疗策略。

 

文章在《中国神经再生研究(英文版)》杂志20211010期发表。

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5224-9663 (Manuel Yepes)

Abstract: Dementia is a clinical syndrome that affects approximately 47 million people worldwide and is characterized by progressive and irreversible decline of cognitive, behavioral and sesorimotor functions. Alzheimer’s disease (AD) accounts for approximately 60–80% of all cases of dementia, and neuropathologically is characterized by extracellular deposits of insoluble amyloid-β (Aβ) and intracellular aggregates of hyperphosphorylated tau. Significantly, although for a long time it was believed that the extracellular accumulation of Aβ was the culprit of the symptoms observed in these patients, more recent studies have shown that cognitive decline in people suffering this disease is associated with soluble Aβ-induced synaptic dysfunction instead of the formation of insoluble Aβ-containing extracellular plaques. These observations are translationally relevant because soluble Aβ-induced synaptic dysfunction is an early event in AD that precedes neuronal death, and thus is amenable to therapeutic interventions to prevent cognitive decline before the progression to irreversible brain damage. The plasminogen activating (PA) system is an enzymatic cascade that triggers the degradation of fibrin by catalyzing the conversion of plasminogen into plasmin via two serine proteinases: tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA) and urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA). Experimental evidence reported over the last three decades has shown that tPA and uPA play a role in the pathogenesis of AD. However, these studies have focused on the ability of these plasminogen activators to trigger plasmin-induced cleavage of insoluble Aβ-containing extracellular plaques. In contrast, recent evidence indicates that activity-dependent release of uPA from the presynaptic terminal of cerebral cortical neurons protects the synapse from the deleterious effects of soluble Aβ via a mechanism that does not require plasmin generation or the cleavage of Aβ fibrils. Below we discuss the role of the PA system in the pathogenesis of AD and the translational relevance of data published to this date. 

Key words: Alzheimer’s disease, amyloid precursor protein, amyloid β, neuroserpin, plasmin, plasminogen activating system, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1, synapse, tissue-type plasminogen activator, urokinase-type plasminogen activator