中国神经再生研究(英文版) ›› 2021, Vol. 16 ›› Issue (12): 2422-2424.doi: 10.4103/1673-5374.313045

• 观点:退行性病与再生 • 上一篇    下一篇

多发性硬化:为什么我们应该专注于(自身)抗体的两面性

  

  • 出版日期:2021-12-15 发布日期:2021-05-14

Multiple sclerosis: why we should focus on both sides of the (auto)antibody

Jeroen den Dunnen*, Lynn Mes, Willianne Hoepel, Joost Smolders   

  1. Amsterdam Rheumatology and Immunology Center, Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology; Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (den Dunnen J, Mes L, Hoepel W) ;Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (Mes L);Neuroimmunology Research group, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Amsterdam; MS Center ErasMS, Departments of Neurology and Immunology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands (Smolders J)
  • Online:2021-12-15 Published:2021-05-14
  • Contact: Jeroen den Dunnen, PhD, j.dendunnen@amsterdamumc.nl.
  • Supported by:
    The present work was supported by ZonMw Open Competition grant (project No. 09120011910035) and ZonMw Second Wave grant (project No. 10430012010008), both awarded to JdD.

摘要:

Neural Regen ResFc尾决定了多发性硬化中寡克隆IgG的致病性

   抗体在多发性硬化中有致病作用。抗体是否有助于多发性硬化的发病机制或进展仍存在争议。这种争论尤其是由于在多发性硬化患者的中枢神经系统中发现抗体的靶抗原的不一致性。疾病发生时靶抗原的鉴定仍然是一个重要的研究课题,但这些抗原可能是异质性的,而不是多发性硬化发生的决定性因素。除了IgG的抗原特异性结合外,IgG还可能通过抗原非特异性结合促进多发性硬化患者的病理学。CD20靶向治疗的疗效表明,B细胞及其多种效应子功能在多发性硬化的发病过程中发挥作用,包括向分泌抗体的浆细胞分化。虽然健康中枢神经系统的抗体浓度很低,但大多数多发性硬化患者的脑脊液中IgG抗体浓度升高。通过免疫电泳,这些IgG在超过90%的多发性硬化患者中显示出脑脊液独特的寡克隆模式。这些寡克隆带对多发性硬化的诊断很重要,但对本病无特异性。它们也出现在感染和其他一些免疫介导的疾病的脑脊液中,如自身免疫性脑炎,偶尔也出现在脱髓鞘疾病中。在一项关于早期多发性硬化活检/尸检的研究中,大多数患者表现出不同的组织学特征,包括IgG和补体沉积(分类为II型病变),而其他患者则缺乏这种特征。在一项回顾性研究中,只有在诊断性活检和/或尸检中具有II型病理特征的多发性硬化患者对血浆置换有良好的临床反应,表明存在抗体参与。与其他病变类型的患者相比,II型病变患者的明显循环抗体特征对Nogo-a肽(由少突胶质细胞和神经元表达)具有更高的反应性。在髓鞘培养系统中,30%的多发性硬化患者检测到补体依赖性脱髓鞘IgG抗体,而对照组中没有检测到。

    来自荷兰大学医学中心的Jeroen den Dunnen团队认为IgG亚类、同种异型和糖基化的组合提供了非常多的Fc尾部组成和随后的免疫激活,其范围从实际上的惰性到极度炎症,或专门装备(过度)激活特定IgG效应器功能,例如补体激活或细胞因子产生。为了真正了解鞘内IgG是如何参与多发性硬化

的发病机制,假设充分描述多发性硬化患者中枢神经系统中IgG抗体的Fc尾组成是必要的。对于这一特征,仅仅分析脑脊液中存在的IgG是不够的。未结合的单体IgG不会导致免疫激活,只有IgG免疫复合物会导致免疫激活。特别是这些组织结合的IgG免疫复合物是阐明IgG在多发性硬化发病机制中作用的关键。尽管获得这些抗体将是非常具有挑战性的,但通过研究多发性硬化患者的活组织检查或死后组织,或使用带有不同Fc尾组成的IgG的实验性多发性硬化(自身)抗体动物模型是可能的。当这些实验确实能够证实多发性硬化中IgG的致病性时,可以采取后续步骤来特异性地对抗这些致病性IgG效应器功能。为此,可以应用已经在实践中用于其他抗体相关疾病的治疗,例如免疫性血小板减少症和类风湿性关节炎,其中FcγR的激活被抑制,例如上游激酶Syk的治疗性抑制。尽管潜在治疗方法还有很长的路要走(也因为药物输送到中枢神经系统总是因为血脑屏障而更具挑战性),但是多发性硬化患者中枢神经系统中IgG免疫复合物的确切组成的特征可能提供了第一个关键的基石。

    文章在《中国神经再生研究(英文版)》杂志2021年 12 12  期发表。

    https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7199-8619(Jeroen den Dunnen)

Abstract: Various clinical and experimental findings suggest a pathogenic role of antibodies in multiple sclerosis (MS). Yet, whether antibodies contribute to the pathogenesis or progression of MS is still a subject of intense debate. This controversy particularly results from unclarity regarding the target antigens of the antibodies that are found in the central nervous system (CNS) of MS patients. The identification of such target antigen(s) at disease onset remains an important topic of investigation, but these antigens may be heterogeneous and not the decisive factor for the initiation of MS development. In addition to antigen-specific binding of IgG, IgG may also promote pathology in MS patients by binding in an antigen non-specific manner. Therefore, we propose that we should not only focus on the antigen-binding part of MS antibodies, but also should pay attention to the other side of the antibodies in the CNS of MS patients, i.e. the fragment crystallizable (Fc) tail (Figure 1A). The characteristics of the Fc tail, particularly the (combination of) IgG subclass, allotype, and glycosylation determine the pathogenicity of IgG, but these characteristics are still poorly defined in MS. Unraveling these characteristics may not only lead to better understanding of MS pathogenesis, but may also yield new strategies for therapy.