中国神经再生研究(英文版) ›› 2022, Vol. 17 ›› Issue (3): 543-549.doi: 10.4103/1673-5374.320970

• 综述:退行性病与再生 • 上一篇    下一篇

阿尔茨海默氏病的病理机制和治疗策略

  

  • 出版日期:2022-03-15 发布日期:2021-10-14

Pathological mechanisms and therapeutic strategies for Alzheimer’s disease

Yaojun Ju, Kin Yip Tam*   

  1. Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Avenida de Universidade, Taipa, Macau Special Adiministrative Region, China
  • Online:2022-03-15 Published:2021-10-14
  • Contact: Kin Yip Tam, DPhil (Oxon), kintam@um.edu.mo.
  • Supported by:
    This work was funded by University of Macau (File No. MYRG2016-00102-FHS) (to KYT).

摘要: Neural Regen Res:治疗阿尔茨海默病的多靶点药物
    阿尔茨海默病是一种复杂的神经退行性疾病,是多种因素综合作用的结果。在许多病理途径中,突触功能障碍,如突触丢失和突触可塑性缺陷,被认为与认知能力下降密切相关。各种神经递质的缺乏导致了阿尔茨海默病的各种神经退行性症状,如认知功能减退的胆碱能和谷氨酸能缺陷,突触可塑性缺陷和癫痫样症状的兴奋性和抑制性神经递质稳态失调,神经精神症状的单胺类神经传递。淀粉样级联假说是解释阿尔茨海默病发病机制的最流行的病理学理论,引起了广泛的关注。遗传和病理学证据支持淀粉样β在阿尔茨海默病病理中的主导作用。由微管相关蛋白tau组成的神经纤维缠结是阿尔茨海默病脑的另一重要组织病理学特征。tau毒性的级联效应可导致脑内神经元损伤、神经炎症和氧化应激。衰老是神经退行性疾病的主要危险因素,与炎症、氧化应激、代谢降低、内分泌不足和器官衰竭有关。这些与年龄有关的危险因素也被证明是导致老年痴呆症的一些危险因素。在阿尔茨海默病的药物开发中,许多良好的治疗策略已经在临床评估中被研究。阿尔茨海默病复杂的发病机制和各种病理因素的相互作用,需要多种治疗功能的全能疗法。多靶点治疗作为阿尔茨海默病治疗的一种新兴策略将受到重视。
    来自中国澳门大学的Kin Yip Tam团队认为阿尔茨海默病复杂的发病机制和多种因素的相互作用,需要有多种治疗功能的全能疗法。多靶点策略已经在临床和临床试验中得到应用。一种胆碱酯酶抑制剂(多奈哌齐)与美金刚的联合使用是第五种治疗中重度阿尔茨海默病的处方。Blarcamesine是一种多功能药物,作为sigma-1和毒蕈碱双激动剂及GSK-3β抑制剂。目前,13种多靶向药物和22项临床试验正在进行,包括6种3期药物、6种2期药物和1种1期临床研究药物。在这些疗法中,ANAVEX2-73通过调节sigma-1受体、毒蕈碱受体和GSK-3β来调节突触功能障碍、胆碱能神经传递和tau病。许多治疗靶点在多种病理途径中发挥作用。通过多种作用机制对这些靶点进行治疗性调节可能有益于阿尔茨海默病的治疗。在神经退行性疾病模型中,除了代谢功能外,还观察到GLP-1R激动剂调节神经炎症和神经血管功能。此外,sigma-1受体和GSK-3β被视为多功能治疗靶点。这些具有多种作用机制的治疗靶点在多靶点阿尔茨海默病药物开发中具有巨大的潜力。考虑到阿尔茨海默病病理学的复杂性,设计具有多靶点潜能的多功能药物有望在阿尔茨海默病治疗领域取得突破性进展。不同病理学和多靶点治疗的临床前研究可能为未来的临床研究提供一个先导化合物库。克服阿尔茨海默病尚无捷径,但多功能药物可能给阿尔茨海默病治疗带来希望。 
文章在《中国神经再生研究(英文版)》杂志2022年3 月 3期发表。

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5507-8524 (Kin Yip Tam) 

Abstract: Alzheimer’s disease is a rather complex neurodegenerative disease, which is attributed to a combination of multiple factors. Among the many pathological pathways, synaptic dysfunctions, such as synapses loss and deficits in synaptic plasticity, were thought to be strongly associated with cognitive decline. The deficiencies in various sorts of neurotransmissions are responsible for the multifarious neurodegenerative symptoms in Alzheimer’s disease, for example, the cholinergic and glutamatergic deficits for cognitive decline, the excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmission dyshomeostasis for synaptic plasticity deficits and epileptiform symptoms, and the monoamine neurotransmission for neuropsychiatric symptoms. Amyloid cascade hypothesis is the most popular pathological theory to explain Alzheimer’s disease pathogenesis and attracts considerable attention. Multiple lines of genetic and pathological evidence support the predominant role of amyloid beta in Alzheimer’s disease pathology. Neurofibrillary tangles assembled by microtubule-associated protein tau are other important histopathological characteristics in Alzheimer’s disease brains. Cascade of tau toxicity was proved to lead to neuron damage, neuroinflammation and oxidative stress in brain. Ageing is the main risk factor of neurodegenerative diseases, and is associated with inflammation, oxidative stress, reduced metabolism, endocrine insufficiencies and organ failures. These aging related risk factors were also proved to be some of the risk factors contributing to Alzheimer’s disease. In Alzheimer’s disease drug development, many good therapeutic strategies have been investigated in clinical evaluations. However, complex mechanism of Alzheimer’s disease and the interplay among different pathological factors call for the come out of all-powerful therapies with multiple curing functions. This review seeks to summarize some of the representative treatments targeting different pathological pathways currently under clinical evaluations. Multi-target therapies as an emerging strategy for Alzheimer’s disease treatment will be highlighted.


Key words: Alzheimer’s disease, pathological pathways, drug development, multiple pathologies