中国神经再生研究(英文版) ›› 2024, Vol. 19 ›› Issue (6): 1308-1317.doi: 10.4103/1673-5374.385849

• 原著:脊髓损伤修复保护与再生 • 上一篇    下一篇

脊髓损伤后继发性级联反应:局部细胞因子/趋化因子调控的时间线差异

  

  • 出版日期:2024-06-15 发布日期:2023-11-17
  • 基金资助:
    这项工作得到了美国国立卫生研究院(National Institutes of Health)的支持。统计工作由机构临床和转化科学奖 UL1 TR002373 资助

The secondary injury cascade after spinal cord injury: an analysis of local cytokine/chemokine regulation#br#

Daniel J. Hellenbrand1, 2, Charles M. Quinn1, Zachariah J. Piper1, Ryan T. Elder1, Raveena R. Mishra1, Taylor L. Marti1, #br# Phoebe M. Omuro1, Rylie M. Roddick1, Jae Sung Lee2, 3, William L. Murphy2, 3, 4, 5, Amgad S. Hanna1, 2, *#br#   

  1. 1Department of Neurosurgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA; 2Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA; 3Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA; 4Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA; 5Forward BIO Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
  • Online:2024-06-15 Published:2023-11-17
  • Contact: Amgad S. Hanna, MD, hanna@neurosurgery.wisc.edu.
  • Supported by:
    This work was supported by the National Institutes of Health, No. R56 NS117935 (to ASH and WLM). The statistical work was funded by Institutional Clinical and Translational Science Award, No. UL1 TR002373.

摘要:

脊髓损伤(SCI)后,免疫细胞广泛浸润,加剧了损伤并导致神经进一步退化。因此,当前研究的一个主要目标是针对免疫反应治疗脊髓损伤。虽然已有很多研究分析了脊髓损伤后复杂的炎症过程,但以往文献中关于局部细胞因子调控的时间线仍存在很大差异。为了解脊髓损伤后2周细胞因子调节时间线,确定细胞因子水平的性别差异以及随脊髓损伤严重程度显著变化的局部细胞因子。实验建立轻度、中度、重度挫伤或完全横断大鼠模型,在伤后不同时间点采集以损伤处为中心的 7 mm脊髓,用细胞因子/凝血因子 27-Plex 分析法对组织匀浆进行分析。结果显示,包括肿瘤坏死因子α、白细胞介素-1β和白细胞介素6在内的促炎细胞因子在损伤后均上调,但在损伤后约24h内恢复到未损伤时的水平,而包括单核细胞趋化蛋白1在内的趋化因子在损伤后数天内仍上调。相反,包括白细胞介素10 和血管内皮生长因子在内的几种抗炎细胞因子和生长因子在伤后7天内下调。损伤后,专门影响参与神经胶质疤痕形成的星形胶质细胞的组织金属蛋白酶抑制剂1的增加幅度超过了所有其他细胞因子,比未损伤的大鼠高 26.9 倍。在轻度挫伤后,有 11 种细胞因子表现出性别差异性;但在重度挫伤后,只有瘦素水平在雌性和雄性大鼠之间存在差异。总之,促炎细胞因子启动了炎症过程,并在受伤后数小时内恢复到基线水平,趋化因子在受伤后数天内继续招募免疫细胞,而抗炎细胞因子在受伤后1周内下调,轻度伤后细胞因子的性别差异随着受伤程度的加重而减弱。这项研究的结果确定了影响免疫细胞浸润的关键趋化因子和参与损伤后神经胶质瘢痕形成的重要细胞因子,这对研究人员开发针对损伤后二次损伤的治疗方法至关重要。

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5062-5952 (Amgad S. Hanna)

Abstract: After spinal cord injury, there is an extensive infiltration of immune cells, which exacerbates the injury and leads to further neural degeneration. Therefore, a major aim of current research involves targeting the immune response as a treatment for spinal cord injury. Although much research has been performed analyzing the complex inflammatory process following spinal cord injury, there remain major discrepancies within previous literature regarding the timeline of local cytokine regulation. The objectives of this study were to establish an overview of the timeline of cytokine regulation for 2 weeks after spinal cord injury, identify sexual dimorphisms in terms of cytokine levels, and determine local cytokines that significantly change based on the severity of spinal cord injury. Rats were inflicted with either a mild contusion, moderate contusion, severe contusion, or complete transection, 7 mm of spinal cord centered on the injury was harvested at varying times post-injury, and tissue homogenates were analyzed with a Cytokine/Chemokine 27-Plex assay. Results demonstrated pro-inflammatory cytokines including tumor necrosis factor α, interleukin-1β, and interleukin-6 were all upregulated after spinal cord injury, but returned to uninjured levels within approximately 24 hours post-injury, while chemokines including monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 remained upregulated for days post-injury. In contrast, several anti-inflammatory cytokines and growth factors including interleukin-10 and vascular endothelial growth factor were downregulated by 7 days post-injury. After spinal cord injury, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1, which specifically affects astrocytes involved in glial scar development, increased more than all other cytokines tested, reaching 26.9-fold higher than uninjured rats. After a mild injury, 11 cytokines demonstrated sexual dimorphisms; however, after a severe contusion only leptin levels were different between female and male rats. In conclusion, pro-inflammatory cytokines initiate the inflammatory process and return to baseline within hours post-injury, chemokines continue to recruit immune cells for days post-injury, while anti-inflammatory cytokines are downregulated by a week post-injury, and sexual dimorphisms observed after mild injury subsided with more severe injuries. Results from this work define critical chemokines that influence immune cell infiltration and important cytokines involved in glial scar development after spinal cord injury, which are essential for researchers developing treatments targeting secondary damage after spinal cord injury.

Key words: astrocytes, chemokines, cytokines, inflammation, macrophages, microglia, secondary damage, spinal cord injury