中国神经再生研究(英文版) ›› 2022, Vol. 17 ›› Issue (2): 292-299.doi: 10.4103/1673-5374.317959

• 综述:脑损伤修复保护与再生 • 上一篇    下一篇

急性缺血性卒中的高血糖症:生理病理学和治疗复杂性

  

  • 出版日期:2022-02-15 发布日期:2021-10-08

Hyperglycemia in acute ischemic stroke: physiopathological and therapeutic complexity

Federica Ferrari, Antonio Moretti, Roberto Federico Villa*   

  1. Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Laboratory of Pharmacology and Molecular Medicine of Central Nervous System, University of Pavia, Via Ferrata, Pavia, Italy
  • Online:2022-02-15 Published:2021-10-08
  • Contact: Roberto Federico Villa, MD, DSc, Emeritus ACCP, FRSM, rfvilla@unipv.it.
  • Supported by:
    This work was supported by a grant from Catholic Universitary Center (Centro Universitario Cattolico) - Conferenza Episcopale Italiana, Rome, Italy (to FF).

摘要: Neural Regen Res: 高血糖状态下缺血脑的生理病理变化:潜在治疗策略的有效性
    糖尿病和相关的慢性高血糖增加了急性缺血性卒中的风险,导致临床结果恶化和死亡率增加。卒中后高血糖也存在于一些非糖尿病患者急性缺血性卒中后,可能是一种应激反应。胰岛素的第一种替代方法可能包括使用葡萄糖样肽-1受体激动剂,即阿比鲁肽、杜拉鲁肽、艾塞那肽等。葡萄糖样肽-1是一种无降血糖作用的肽类激素,能较好地维持缺血脑的正常血糖。葡萄糖样肽-1刺激胰岛素的表达和分泌,抑制胰高血糖素的表达和分泌。这种复合效应通过细胞膜胰高血糖素样肽受体发挥,葡萄糖样肽-1受体的激活通过上调环磷酸腺苷和随后激活PKA和Epac2来增强葡萄糖依赖性胰岛素分泌。由于葡萄糖样肽-1被二肽基肽酶-4迅速降解,导致半衰期约为2分钟,考虑到这些药物很少引起低血糖及其主要影响因素,采用一系列对二肽基肽酶-4降解具有抗药性的类似物的可能性促使了临床环境中的进一步研究缺点是轻度到中度胃肠道不良反应。另一种策略是通过二肽基肽酶-4抑制剂,即阿洛格列汀、利格列汀、沙西格列汀等来阻断葡萄糖样肽-1降解酶的活性。二肽基肽酶-4具有外肽酶活性,葡萄糖样肽-1是一种理想的底物。二肽基肽酶-4抑制剂主要通过提高葡萄糖样肽-1水平发挥作用。二肽基肽酶-4抑制剂也参与调节血压和脑灌注、炎症、氧化应激和免疫系统。这些作用是由于其他几种寡肽可以作为二肽基肽酶-4的底物。临床试验未能显示二肽基肽酶-4抑制剂在预防心血管事件(包括卒中)方面的任何效果;未能预防卒中并不意味着这些药物在减少缺血性损伤和改善功能结果方面无效。
    来自意大利帕维亚大学的Roberto Federico Villa团队认为一些临床和实验研究强调糖尿病和卒中后高血糖会恶化急性缺血性卒中的临床状况,增加梗死范围、出血风险和死亡率,损害整体功能恢复。高血糖也影响溶栓和血栓切除术的疗效,可能是因为这种情况导致凝血状态增加和纤溶活性降低。鉴于静脉注射胰岛素治疗在评估功能结局、神经后遗症和死亡率的临床试验中缺乏令人信服的结果,以及伴随的低血糖增加,需要寻找新的干预策略。最有希望的方法是从缺血条件下脑高血糖损伤的复杂病理生理机制开始,尝试促进神经保护途径。从这个角度来看,最有希望的药物类别首先是葡萄糖样肽-1受体激动剂和二肽基肽酶-4抑制剂,这些药物已在一些实验研究和一些临床观察中被证明有效(对于葡萄糖样肽-1受体激动剂);其次,SGLT-2抑制剂也有初步证据。这些新的治疗策略的可行性需要实验和临床研究进一步验证。  
    文章在《中国神经再生研究(英文版)》杂志2022年 2月 2 期发表。

Abstract: Diabetes mellitus and associated chronic hyperglycemia enhance the risk of acute ischemic stroke and lead to worsened clinical outcome and increased mortality. However, post-stroke hyperglycemia is also present in a number of non-diabetic patients after acute ischemic stroke, presumably as a stress response. The aim of this review is to summarize the main effects of hyperglycemia when associated to ischemic injury in acute stroke patients, highlighting the clinical and neurological outcomes in these conditions and after the administration of the currently approved pharmacological treatment, i.e. insulin. The disappointing results of the clinical trials on insulin (including the hypoglycemic events) demand a change of strategy based on more focused therapies. Starting from the comprehensive evaluation of the physiopathological alterations occurring in the ischemic brain during hyperglycemic conditions, the effects of various classes of glucose-lowering drugs are reviewed, such as glucose-like peptide-1 receptor agonists, DPP-4 inhibitors and sodium glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors, in the perspective of overcoming the up-to-date limitations and of evaluating the effectiveness of new potential therapeutic strategies.

Key words: acute ischemic stroke, diabetes mellitus, DPP-4 inhibitor, glucose-like peptide-1 receptor agonist, hyperglycemia, hypoglycemia, insulin, physiopathology, sodium glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor